Feminism and the Importance of Identity Politics Essay

â€Å"To be feminist in any authentic sense of the term is to want for all people, female and male, liberation from sexist role patterns, domination, and oppression†. Bell Hooks succinctly sums up what it means to be a feminist, and yet when we look to the feminist movement and feminist theorizing today, we see a disturbingly different picture. In a social movement founded on equality for all human beings, the patriarchy and its’ power structures have still made a negative impact in the way this movement is shaped and perpetuated, especially in terms of intersectionality and identity politics. Whose voices are heard? What issues are prioritized? Who is considered a â€Å"true† feminist? When we ask how and why issues of identity and intersectionality are relevant to feminist theorizing, the answer is simple. When the true and complex identities of individuals and social groups are ignored, what forms is a limiting and narrow view inherently oppositional to the mo vement’s foundation and goals. Essentially, ignoring these issues means perpetuating the oppression the movement itself is trying to fight. What follows is a brief analysis on three reasons why feminists should care about identity and individuals with complex identities: 1) addressing oppressions in a movement dedicated to eliminating all oppression, 2) identifying the negative consequences of elision of difference, and 3) recognizing the real importance of intersectionality in terms of survival in the real world, as opposed to simply theorizing in academics. While the feminist movement is explicitly dedicated to fighting racism and any other types of â€Å"isms†, we see that typically marginalized groups continue to be marginalized within the movement. These groups are well aware of this oppression, yet how often their voices are heard or even considered are slim to none. In a statement from Black feminists part of The Combahee River Collective, it is explained that there was â€Å"the need to develop a p olitics that was anti-racist, unlike those of White women, and anti-sexist, unlike those of Black and white men† (CRC: 59). As members of two oppressed groups in society, Black women face the highest obstacles in their pursuit of complete liberation, especially because of the dominant narrative and voices that have typically commandeered the political movement. As Kimberle Crenshaw purports, â€Å"the need to split one’s political energies between two  sometimes opposing groups is a dimension of intersectional disempowerment that men of color and white women seldom confront† (Crenshaw: 85). The intersectional experience of White women have typically dominated the women’s movement as White women have had more accessibility and opportunity to speak out/theorize academically as opposed to Black women. Thus, the experiences of Black women – which are distinguishably different from the White woman’s – are essentially absent from the discussion, an issue that is highly problematic as it points to racism and oppression within a social justice movement (not to mention a limited perspective). Feminist theorists and activists must make sure to account for intersectional experiences in order to avoid this hypocrisy. Specifically, White feminists and activists must understand that their role as genuine activists in the movement mandates a need to be educated and literate in Black history and culture, something that the Combahee River Collective has explicitly called for. As they argue, â€Å"eliminating racism in the white women’s movement is by definition work for white women to do, but we will continue to speak to and demand accountability on this issue† (CRC: 63). Being a conscientious and fully aware member of this movement involves more than addressing intersectionality and racism within the movement. Feminist theorists need to identify the importance of 1) making the personal political, and subsequently 2) avoiding the harmful and common elision of differences between and within groups. These two ideas cannot happen or be fully achieved without the other. The first step requires a great deal of honesty and self-reflection, which may come with some discomfort and pain, a reason that many individuals may avoid this introspection. As Mari Matsuda argues in her article, â€Å"by claiming, exploring, and questioning my own identity in an explicit way, I seek truth, and I seek to encourage my students to do the same† (Matsuda: 75). Feminist theorists must consider the value of truth and justice over any type of discomfort or personal guilt that blocks the path towards complete liberation for all. Just as honesty is crucial in terms of oppression within the movement, it is also key in recognizing privilege. Matsuda supports this idea: â€Å"I do not know of any other politics of social change that works other than the one that asks people to explore deeply their own location on the axes of power† (Matsuda:  76). Once one has a certain amount of self-awareness and recognizes their privilege, only then can they be able to avoid ignoring intragroup differences. Ergo, the White woman cannot fully understand the complexity & struggle of a Black woman’s experience in the movement if she does not understand her own privilege over the Black woman within the same movement. While intersectionality is quite real in the day-to-day lives of women, feminist theory has typically categorized identity as a limiting either/or dichotomy between â€Å"woman† or â€Å"person of color†, leaving women of color marginalized. In terms of violence against women, Crenshaw argues that this elision of difference is harmful because it is perpetuating the violence by not fully understanding how multiple dimensions of woman’s identity contribute to her experience. For example, in our society ruled by a racist/patriarchal structure and system, battered women of color face poverty and racially discriminatory employment/housing, thus have a much harder time finding shelter and support. The elision of difference can also be harmful because it poses as a threat to solidarity – ignoring intragroup differences simply continue to raise tension between these sub groups and ultimately harms the progress of the movement, which requires everyone to stand with one another. Lastly, feminist theorists must recognize the importance of intersectionality and identity as transcendent issues that go beyond simply theorizing and play a very real role in the lives of women every day. As Crenshaw argues, â€Å"The struggle over incorporating these differences is not a petty or superficial conflict about who gets to sit at the head of the table. In the context of violence, it is sometimes a deadly serious matter of who will survive and who will not† (Crensaw: 89). The commonly shared assumption that battering is a minority problem, for example, exemplifies the issues with ignoring intersectionality/identity. Battering is a human problem, and if a Latina woman cannot get shelter from a husband threatening to kill her multiple times because she can’t prove she is English-proficient, then something is very wrong. These exclusionary policies are inherently oppositional to the goal of human liberation and the women’s movement, and if feminist theorists do not address this, then not only will real change remain absent, but we will continue to lose the lives  of women around the world. These are human beings that deserve to live and exercise their rights; that deserve to celebrate their multi-dimensional identity, instead of suffer from it because feminist theory and societal structure are ignoring them. Feminist theorists, we need you to be honest with yourselves and your privilege. We need you to address the complexity and beauty of every individual, help use these differences to resist against oppression instead of perpetuate it, and ultimately harness and use the full power of group solidarity to truly and genuinely fight for human liberation.

A 17th century audience Essay

â€Å"The Tempest is full of magic and illusion. Consider the effect this would have on a 17th century audience and a 21st century audience. How might the magic and illusion be presented today? † William Shakespeare wrote The Tempest as a play. It was not intended for the text to be read by school children from a book. It was intended for performance in a theatre, where it would give enjoyment to an audience. One of the main â€Å"themes† of The Tempest is magic. Prospero is a magician, a sorcerer, a wizard, someone with magical powers. He uses these powers to make lots of things happen within the play. Indeed, the first scene focuses on the storm that Prospero has created to cause havoc on the ship upon which his enemies are travelling. At the beginning of the play, the storm just seems like any other storm, with an unfortunate crew being shipwrecked. By the end of Act 1, however, we discover that the storm was not a natural occurrence. Prospero conjured up the storm and deliberately picked out that ship. The audience get their first hint of this in Miranda’s first speech of the play. Miranda has watched the storm destroy the ship and she feels pity for the shipwrecked people. In her opening line, she asks her father if the storm is a product of his magic: â€Å"If by your art, my dearest father, you have Put the wild waters in this roar, allay them. † This shows that Miranda knows about Prospero’s magic. She may not know everything that he does with his powers, but she knows that he does have supernatural powers. This storm is the beginning of a plan that Prospero has thought up to wreak revenge on his enemies. The plan involves a lot of magic. After being stranded on the island for 12 years, Prospero has had time to perfect his powers and to dream up a plan, a plan that never could have taken place without the storm. Because of this, the initial storm has a massive impact on the rest of the play. It also gives the audience an idea of how strong Prospero’s powers are. He is able to control the elements, something that only God is supposed to be able to do. However, as we learn later on in the play, Prospero may be able to conjure up storms and illusions, but he cannot control human nature, and must rely on good luck when trying to make Ferdinand and Miranda to fall in love.

Executive Summary: Streamline the Nursing Admission Process Essay

The health care industry continues to be challenged by daily patient turnover due to the number of admissions, transfers, and discharges (Spader, 2008). The increase in number of admissions, in turn, puts a high demand on nurses in keeping up with the pace resulting in nurse frustration and dissatisfaction. According to Lane (2009), a thorough and comprehensive admission process is critical in providing quality patient care. Completing the admission process in a timely, efficient, and comprehensive manner has been a challenge for nurses due to the increase number of admissions, and also the fact that the nurses still have to provide ongoing care to the other patients. Creating a new position as the role of an admission nurse will help to combat some of the challenges associated with the admission process. Purpose of the Project The purpose of this project is to streamline the admission process. This can result in a decrease in nurse workload and improve patient flow. A reduction in nurses’ workload and demands can contribute to a decrease in nurse turnover and promote positive patient outcomes. The role of the admission nurse provides an opportunity for a dedicated nurse to gather the pertinent information in order to complete a comprehensive admission process. Target Population The targeted population for this project is the direct care nursing staff. This nursing staff is currently responsible for the admission process. It is not unusual for a nurse to be interrupted several times while trying to admit a patient. It is also not unusual for a patient to be admitted and discharged from the hospital with an incomplete admission process. Regardless of what line of service, all nurses can benefit from streamlining the admission process Benefits of the Project An admission assessment in the admission process provides important details that are relevant to patients’ need. That is why it is critical that this information is completed thoroughly and accurately. Unlike the staff nurse, an admission nurse will have the necessary time to spend with patients and families. The role of an admission nurse can help to provide the comprehensive assessment associated with the admission process and also help to alleviate the nurses ‘stress associated with increased patient turnover. In addition to the benefit of the nurses, the hospital can benefit as well by potentially having a decrease in nurse turnover, increase patient flow, and an increase in patient satisfaction. Budget Justification The expense of losing an experienced nurse can be costly to the hospital. Not to mention the nursing knowledge and skills. Estimates of the actual dollar amount incurred by nurse turnover range from 10 to 20 thousand dollars per nurse to as much as well over the nurse’s yearly salary. According to Anderson (2004), Nurse Executives estimate that â€Å"†¦visible costs represent only 24 percent of total costs for medical/surgical nurses and only 18 percent for specialty nurses. A true total cost of $42,000 per medical/ surgical RN and $64,000 per specialty nurse is more close to reality.† Turnover costs, average approximately $47,403 per medical/surgical RN and $85,197 for specialty RNs. â€Å"A 400-nurse hospital with a 20 percent turnover rate is replacing 80 nurses per year. The direct costs might average $800,000 per year, but the true total costs are closer to $4 million.† Project Evaluation Currently there is not sufficient evidence -based data to on admission models. But, there are still a number of ways to evaluate the success and or outcome of this project. One way is to do a pre and post survey of the nursing staff regarding the admission process. Another way is to survey patients pre and post implementation of the proposed admission process to evaluate success. In addition, evaluating the costs associated with nurse retention would also be another mechanism in evaluating this project. Conclusion Working in a fast paced environment such as the hospital setting can be stressful. The number of daily patient turnover, admissions, and discharges are continues to be a challenge for nurses working in the hospital setting (Spader, 2008). The role of the admission nurse to streamline some of the challenges associated with the admission process. In essence, this will free up the staff nurse to provide ongoing care to the other patients. This will also result in increased satisfaction for both nurses and patients. Mechanisms and process improvements that can be put in place to help alleviate the stress and strain associated with the admission process due to increased daily turnovers can be proven beneficial. References Anderson, R. (2004). Complexity science and the dynamics of climate and communication: reducing nursing home turnover. Gerontologist, 44, 378-388 Lane, B. (2009). Nurse satisfaction and creation of an admission, discharge, and teaching nurse position. Journal Of Nursing Care Quality, 24(2), 148-152. doi:http://dx.doi.org.library.gcu.edu:2048/10.1097/01.NCQ.0000347452.36418.78 Spader, C, (2008). Admission RNs Make Fast-Paced Admits Less Stressful. Retrieved on January 24, 2013 from http://news.nurse.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2008108110080

Internatioanal Business Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Internatioanal Business Report - Essay Example Corruption follows FDI but these are issues that have to be taken in the stride. Labour laws too are stringent in India although reforms could make the work environment more congenial. India offers absolute and comparative advantage in this sector and the risks are low. Cultural differences do exist between the two nations but since most international chains in India are US-based and have achieved success, there is likelihood of Coffee & Bytes also succeeding in its venture. A multinational Corporation based in the US – (Coffee & Bytes) – is looking for overseas expansion. It has presence in a few developing nations such as the UK and Italy and is now seeking to open up in India. C&B specializes in different varieties of aromatic coffee and has budget snacks to go with it. It is based on the fast food concept like Cafà © Coffee Day chains but operations are on a much lower scale. However their interest in India has arisen because of the growing consumerism in the country in the past decade. Global retailers are interested in India because of its geographic advantages, its versatile demographics and a growing economy with a stable government (Article Base, 2009). The prospects for food chains in India is high because unlike the developed countries where fast food is seen as functional, in India, the idea of eating out is still aspirational (Mitra, 2009). Eating out in India is still a family activity and family entertainment. The demand for fast food in India is growing as more nuclear families have come up and look for fast readymade food (Kulkarni & Lassar, 2009). However, the local government has been trying to promote healthy eating and hence the multinational chains have been alerted. In view of the prospects and the challenges in the food chains in India, C&B needs to study the international business environment which is influenced by the micro and macro policies

Estimating a Multiple Regression Model (The impact of Consumption and Statistics Project

Estimating a Multiple Regression Model (The impact of Consumption and Investment on the GDP in Qatar (1990- 2013)) - Statistics Project Example Considering the topic selected the impacts that consumption and investment have on the GDP covers a wide range of economic aspects. These range from all activities that involve investing and all those that relate to consumption. The consumption aspect consolidates all consumption needs that range from consumption of oil products and other products. Understanding these and the employment of graphs will help one understand the impacts that each has had on the growth of the country for the years under consideration that is 1990 to 2013. The study covers these and details the description of the data, development of estimates, the discussion of the results and a conclusion that aims at creating a summary of the study and indicating the different achievements over the study conducted. Considering the data identified, one learns that the consumption is reflected as the expenditure. It covers both the government expenditures and the expenditures of the different households. Combining the two results to the expenditure for the economy, which is analyzed in the work below? Understanding this helps in understanding the impact that the expenditure aspect had on the GDP for the different years under consideration. In the data collected, the consumption is provided in the percentage terms and in billions of Qatar’s local currency. These provided are as obtained from an online source on Qatar economic statistics and indicators. The data collected on the different investment aspects also provides information with regard to the investment opportunities for the country and their impacts to the economic performance of Qatar. Understanding this helps one understand the actual performance of the economy with the investments that the country engages in accounted for the GDP. The data collected on the GDP is also obtained from the same website and

Gangnam style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gangnam style - Essay Example It is famous for its wealthy inhabitants. During the last half century, the town has proliferated to become a hub of the wealthiest upper class in South Korea. The Gangnam style in the song is denoting this elite wealth culture and the lifestyle that has sprung around that area. Gangnam Style, was done by Park Jae-sang, commonly known as PJS, and went viral on YouTube and other media. In his music Gangnam dancing style, PJS talks about people’s behavior in reference to the Gangnam area. â€Å"The people of the Gangnam are so good looking as they can afford to have plastic surgery and have a luxurious lifestyle." Money is not a problem in the Gangnam estate. The video brings out a contrast to the lifestyle that is found in the city. Park Jae-sang refers himself as Gangnam that is a contrast to the lifestyle that the residents live. The meaning rather mocks the culture and attitude of such people who live in Gangnam do not talk about their lives much, only those who dreams to be in such a lifestyle keep talking about it in the streets. The wannabe and posers put take a resemblance of the Gangnam style. The dance had hit billboards in major countries through the social media and has much influence on the culture of the world in the year 2012. The song topped in the song billboard in a couple of countries namely, USA, Italy, Japan, Australia, China to mention but a few. The sensational song has managed to receive the world recognition through You Tube among other social media. In the first day of release got over-whelming 500,000 views that made it You Tube most popular song in the world. â€Å"Gangnam Style, this little video has received close to a billion times view and is now rated as the most viewed and liked YouTube Viral video ever. It might not seem like something important fact to many who are unaware of the bigger and wider trend that

Review of research article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Review of research article - Essay Example The article that will be evaluated is Goal Setting Effects in Elite and Nonelite Boxers by M. O’Brien, S. Mellalieu and S. Hanton and published in the Journal of Applied Sports Psychology. In a brief overview, the article Goal Setting Effects in Elite and Nonelite Boxers by O’Brien et al (2009) deals with the question how goal-setting affect or influence elite and nonelite athletes in combat sports like boxing. Addressing this particular question, it has utilised the goal-setting model as developed by Burton et al (2001). It is now in this context that a more in depth look at the article will be carried out. There are three purposes that underlie the research. These are: the primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a goal-setting intervention program upon elite and nonelite boxers selected components of performance behaviors and their indirect psychological responses (O’Brien, 2009). It further holds that it aims to use the contemporary goal –setting model as developed by Burton et al (2001) and that it will extend the application of the said model to multiple baseline with focus on self-generated components of both the elite and nonelite boxers’ targeted and nontargeted performance behaviours over the duration of a competitive season; and (b) boxers indirect psychological responses to the goal program in the form of competitive anxiety and self confidence(O’Brien,2009). The second objective is to identify the underlying mechanisms of goal programs using qualitative analysis and the examination of the retention and outcome effects of the pr ogram. This goal is significant since according to the authors no research prior to this one has been done to look into the effects of goal setting to one-on-one combat sports like boxing (O’Brien, 2009). The third aim is to affirm a previous study that â€Å"elite boxers would experience greater improvements in performance behaviours as compared to the

The impact of EU membership on Finland Research Paper

The impact of EU membership on Finland - Research Paper Example In the table above, it is clear that the main Exports as per the latest statistics in 2011 coming from Finland include; Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials (75.53 %), animal and vegetable oils, waxes and fats (77.21% ) and manufactured goods classified by their materials used to make them (65.13 %). As it is stated, this trend follows the government’s initiatives to set aside more money and resources in the above sectors in general. Considering the case of vegetable and animal oils, fats and waxes, the increased exports can also be attributed to the effort by the farmers to employ modern practices when it comes to products such as agricultural machinery, modern inputs, improved seed and animal variety, and the use of chemical insecticides and fertilizers. The Chemical industry in Finland which has emerged as its largest industry sector has facilitated the large exports witnessed in lubricants, mineral fuels and manufactured goods as the industry produces a wide ran ge of products that are used by another industrial sector such as agriculture, oil products, paints, petrochemicals, plastics and environmental products. Finland’s manufacturing industry has been remarkable in the recent producing some of the best products in the market hence the large exports witnessed in the manufactured goods. Some of the notable manufactured goods include mobile phones by Nokia, paper products by Stora Enso, oil products by Neste Oil and cruise ships by Aker Finnnyards. Its exports have also been facilitated by its sophisticated financial

CHANGE MANAGEMENT (CASE STUDY) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

CHANGE MANAGEMENT ( ) - Case Study Example Organizations can be transformed by creating a new system in a new place with new personnel, or by renewing the old system in the same place with the same personnel. Critics admit that when change is conducted by taking the "renewal" alternative, it usually entails the positioning of a new top manager or top managerial team. In business organizations, Ford, like many other firms, created separate plants to develop new technology and new products. In total institutions, the creation of a radical new vision that really rehabilitates is possible by starting out with a new strategy, guards carefully chosen to be rehabilitators, and a new, dedicated staff. Ford is one of the oldest automakers in the world. The history of the company goes back to 1903 when the first converted factory was opened. Today, Ford is the second largest automaker with 17.5% market share. Historically, Ford sought to compete against the industry's leader, General Motors (GM), by increasing its presence in foreign markets. Ford's International Automotive Operations co-ordinates activities in twenty-six countries grouped in three principal regions (Europe, Latin America, and Asia Pacific). In the late 1970s, Ford produced outside the United States half of its worldwide vehicle production - compared with GM's one-fourth. The Ford Motor Co. has also been a leader in introducing or rapidly adopting technological innovations in the industry (Lessons In Change From Ford Motor Company n.d.). Henry Ford, the founder and president of the company, is considered the father of mass production. In the difficult decade of the 1980s, Ford showed its capability to rapidly adopt the Japanese system of production and to move faster than any other auto maker in seeking the integration of its operations on a global basis. The company was also a pioneer in the internationalization of production, as it was the first to open an assembly plant in Canada (1904), in Mexico (1925), and in many other countries. Historically, the company has had a leading role in developing an automotive capability in those countries, and its strategies have been characterized by its responsiveness to local government demands and its relatively high levels of export activity (Lessons In Change From Ford Motor Company n.d.; Ford Home Page 2007). The change process within the company is influenced by the industry requirements and competition. In order to survive and maximize profits, auto makers like Ford must comply with structural rules. Structural rules are derived from production technologies (hard and soft technologies) that are successful in producing cars efficiently. An automobile is a complex product, which consists of over 10,000 parts and requires multiple and complex processes for its manufacture. Mass production proved successful in efficiently producing automobiles, which explains that for almost seven decades, it determined the structural rules for the automobile industry. It is a complex system that needs to be understood in order to comprehend Ford's strategies. Where they existed, differences in strategy or goals between the US Big Three (Ford, GM and Daimler Chrysler) stemmed basically from each firm's ability to conform to the rules of competition and from its relative power position in the industry. Durin g 1990s, Ford had little room for designing

How come immune system does not fight cancer Research Paper

How come immune system does not fight cancer - Research Paper Example cancers arising from the connective tissue are known as sarcomas. They originate from the mesenchymal cells that are present outside the bone marrow. examples of this type of cancer are osteosarcoma, liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma and neurosarcoma. Lymphomas and leukemias arise from hematopoietic cells. Germ cell tumors are those which arise from pluripotent cells froms ovaries or testicles. Classical examples of these cancers are dysgerminoma and seminoma. Blastomas are those that are derived from immature cells or embryonic cells. Hence they are more common in children. Examples of these are neutoblastoma and retinoblastoma (Yarbro, 2011). Pathogenesis of cancer Cancer mainly occurs due to failure of regulation of growth of tissues. This occurs due to alteration of the genes which are involved in the growth and differentiation of cells. There are two categories of genes that can get affected during the process of cancer development. They are oncogenes and tumour supressor genes. Oncogen es cause promotion of cell growth and reproduction. Tumor supressor genes cause inhibition of cell division. Hence triggering of oncogenes and supression of tumor supressor genes contributes to cancer (Yarbro, 2011). Causes of cancer There are several causes for cancer and they depend on the site of origin of cancer. For example, lung cancer is caused because of exposure to tobacco, asbestos and certain pollutants. Skin cancer is caused by exposure to sunlight or due to chronic skin ulcer. In some cancers, the causative agent can be infection like cervical cancer which is caused by human papilloma virus. Human T-cell Leukemia Virus-I, a human retro virus is known to cause adult T-cell leukemia. Leukemia, which is a type of blood cancer is caused by chemicals like Benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons, some insecticides, hexachlorcyclohexane, phenyl butazone (Shafer, 162), alkylating agents, and a few chem-therapeutic drugs. Certain environmental factors also can lead to cancer. St udies have shown that ionizing radiation causes leukemia in experimental animals. There has been increased incidence of leukemia in the survivors of Japanese bomb explosions and those exposed to occupational radiation. Also, those receiving radiation therapies for various causes including spondylitis may be at increased risk for leukemia. Chromosomal translocations involving the Nucleophosmin gene occur frequently in myeloid and lymphoid cancers. This gene is a multifunctional phosphoprotein to which both tumor-suppressor and oncogenic functions have been attributed. In some cancers, genetic factors play an important role like in breast cancer and leukemias. There are some families with excessive incidence of leukemias. There is high concordance among identical twins if acute leukemia occurs in the first year of life. Also, the incidence of leukemia is high in various congenital genetic disorders like Down's syndrome, Bloom's Syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, etc. In chronic granulo cytic leukemia, an abnormality in the chromosome 21 has been detected. This abnormal chromosome is called Philadelphia chromosome (Ph-1) and is characterized by the absence of a part of one of its long arms. Certain pre-existing diseases can lead to cancers. Fanconi anemia is a risk factor for developing acute myelogenous leukemia. Those with myeloblastic syndrome also are at risk for acute myelogenous leukemia. Colonic polyps can lead to colon cancer. Other contributing factors for cancer are

Discussion questions1-4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion questions1-4 - Essay Example Furthermore, piracy would increase since there would be no legal option to downloading digital files. Moreover, DRM is not only beneficial to the publishers, but also to the creators of the digital content since it is responsible for keeping the contents safe. The factor that is more important for the protection of digital intellectual property between strict copyright laws and technology-based protections is the latter. This is because in the contemporary society, technology has recorded various advancements that make enforcements of traditional copyright-dependent business models impossible. As a result, in bid to fight the battle against the inevitable technological advancements, the strict copyright enforcers have used various tactics. However, these tactics, which include attacking the doctrine of fair use, expanding the reach of copyright law and abuse of patent law, have resulted in the products being the most pirated. Hence, to correct this problem, the technology-based protection involves anti-piracy protection measures that make it more secure, sensible and effective than the strict copyright laws (Schlachter, 1997). While selecting the system modeling design, there are various reasons that make system developers opt for use-case modeling. For instance, use case modeling helps manage complexity by allowing the developers focus on one specific usage aspect at a time. Additionally, the use case modeling method provides basic foundation for the test cases, requirements documents, and the user manual. As a result, it encourages the designers to visualize the final outcomes before even attempting to specify them. The biggest challenge to the successful use of use-case modeling is that in using this method, the developers do not address usefulness and usability of the system. Additionally, despite the fact that quality issues are often crucial, the design method does not provide systematic way of handling

Reflection paper Essay Example for Free

Reflection paper Essay ‘3 Idiots’ is one of the most meaningful movies that I have seen throughout my life. Infused with some wacky sense of comedy at times, it stars the widely-acclaimed Aamir Khan alongside Sharman Joshi and R.Madhavan as the main characters in the movie. Kareena Kapoor is the lead actress. Dont get put-off by the name of the movie, for the movie is anything but about three idiots. Many people, me included, thought this was going to be a foolish movie with petty comedy but that surely wasnt the case. Thus, it is no surprise that this movie has broken the Bollywood box-office record. I like the movie most because of its messages which can be closely related to our daily lives. For instance, parents who pre-determine the fate of their children’s careers the moment they are born. The other messages range from students who commit suicide due to the pressure of education to the rigid education system in which nerdy individuals who memorize textbooks are rewarded whilst visionary budding talents are wasted. The movie also showed that people’s lives were like a seesaw. Sometimes you’re up; sometimes you’re down or you remain the same. Moreover, it was also stated in the film to â€Å"follow excellence and let success chase us† wherein we are free to choose. We should feel free to decide well and don’t let others manipulate you from what you want to do. God has given us the freedom and the knowledge to use it wisely. ‘3 Idiots’ is one of the most meaningful movies that I have seen throughout my life. Infused with some wacky sense of comedy at times, it stars the widely-acclaimed Aamir Khan alongside Sharman Joshi and R.Madhavan as the main characters in the movie. Kareena Kapoor is the lead actress. Dont get put-off by the name of the movie, for the movie is anything but about three idiots. Many people, me included, thought this was going to be a foolish movie with petty comedy but that surely wasnt the case. Thus, it is no surprise that this movie has broken the Bollywood box-office record. I like the movie most because of its messages which can be closely related to our daily lives. For instance, parents who pre-determine the fate of their  children’s careers the moment they are born. The other messages range from students who commit suicide due to the pressure of education to the rigid education system in which nerdy individuals who memorize textbooks are rewarded whilst visionary budding talents are wasted. The movie also showed that people’s lives were like a seesaw. Sometimes you’re up; sometimes you’re down or you remain the same. Moreover, it was also stated in the film to â€Å"follow excellence and let success chase us† wherein we are free to choose. We should feel free to decide well and don’t let others manipulate you from what you want to do. God has given us the freedom and the knowledge to use it wisely. ‘3 Idiots’ is one of the most meaningful movies that I have seen throughout my life. Infused with some wacky sense of comedy at times, it stars the widely-acclaimed Aamir Khan alongside Sharman Joshi and R.Madhavan as the main characters in the movie. Kareena Kapoor is the lead actress. Dont get put-off by the name of the movie, for the movie is anything but about three idiots. Many people, me included, thought this was going to be a foolish movie with petty comedy but that surely wasnt the case. Thus, it is no surprise that this movie has broken the Bollywood box-office record. I like the movie most because of its messages which can be closely related to our daily lives. For instance, parents who pre-determine the fate of their children’s careers the moment they are born. The other messages range from students who commit suicide due to the pressure of education to the rigid education system in which nerdy individuals who memorize textbooks are rewarded whilst visionary budding talents are wasted. The movie also showed that people’s lives were like a seesaw. Sometimes you’re up; sometimes you’re down or you remain the same. Moreover, it was also stated in the film to â€Å"follow excellence and let success chase us† wherein we are free to choose. We should feel free to decide well and don’t let others manipulate you from what you want to do. God has given us the freedom and the knowledge to use it wisely.

Aircraft Performance and Aviation Management

Aircraft Performance and Aviation Management Briefly discuss about the main objectives of Air Traffic Services? This information is supported by (ivao.aero,2014) says the objectives of the air traffic services shall be to: Prevent collisions between aircraft Prevent collisions between aircraft on the manoeuvring area and obstructions on that area Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic; Provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights Notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required. Explain how these objectives affect the aircraft movements and ground movements. This data is supported by (faa.gov,2014) says Ground controllers must exchange information as necessary for the safe and efficient use of airport runways and movement areas. This may be accomplished via verbal means, flight progress strips, other written information, or automation displays. As a minimum, provide aircraft identification and applicable runway/intersection/taxiway information as follows: Ground control must notify local control when a departing aircraft has been taxied to a runway other than one previously designated as active. Ground control must notify local control of any aircraft taxied to an intersection for takeoff. This notification may be accomplished by verbal means or by flight progress strips. When the runways in use for landing/departing aircraft are not visible from the tower or the aircraft using them are not visible on radar, advise the local/ground controller of the aircrafts location before releasing the aircraft to the other controller. Aircraft movements This information was mentioned in (flyingwithoutfear,2014) When an aircraft starts its journey it first has to get permission to start its engines from a ground controller, then it will have to get permission to push back from its stand from another ground controller. Prior to taxi-ing it will be given instructions to take a particular route to the active runway according to its parking gate position and any other aircraft which are using the same runway. This permission will be given by yet another ground controller. Before the aircraft is given clearance to take off it will have to speak to the controller whose sole job is to give permission to aircraft to take off or land. When airborne, the pilots will change to another frequency and speak to a departure controller who will give permission for the aircraft to climb to a higher altitude. Once clear of other departing and arriving traffic the aircraft will transfer to an airways controller who will give permission for the aircraft to climb to its cruising height. The crew have to ask for permission to leave its cruising height before descending towards its destination. As the aircraft approaches the destination airport, various controllers will be responsible for its safe passage until it lands and parks at its arrival gate. Analyse the physical appearance of the control tower and its contribution to achieve these objectives and explain about the communication failure procedures. This data is mentioned in (faa.gov,n.d) says In the past, Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) siting decisions have been significantly influenced by the upper height limits imposed by terminal procedures (TERPS) and controller opinions. Because tower siting (height and location) affects airport safety and construction costs, the FAA had no means to measure quantitatively the improvement in air traffic controller visibility that can be gained by changing the tower height and location on the airport surface, and there was no required minimum criterion for tower height. This information is supported by (experimentalaircraft,2014) Preflight -During preflight make sure that you have the correct frequencies with you: check the AIP, NOTAMs, approach and/or enroute charts. Preflight also means that you need to check communications availability for the airports and the route you plan to use. If not sure then a phone call with your destination will solve that problem, also ask if they accept NORDO (No Radio) aircraft. Garmin SL40 Aircraft Radio Radios can become complex equipment when they are integrated into Garmin G1000 systems like EFIS. Standalone Icom, Bendix King or Apollo/Garmin radios are really easy to control. Having the pilots quick reference manual in your flight bag or with the aircraft documentation or manual can be a big help. It will save the day should you become confused about any function of the radio. ATC light gun -Some aviation charts depict them: ATC light gun signals. Make sure you know them by heart or carry a copy of their meaning with you. Practice these signals every once in a while. Frequency change -If contact can not be established after a frequency change, go back to the previous frequency or channel and verify with the controller that you have the correct frequency. This is first thing you must do in this case. Second radio -If you suspect that your radio has failed and you have a second one, set that frequency in the other radio and try again. When I fly an aircraft with multiple radios I plan to use all of them, and during a handover I set the next frequency into the other radio and use that one. This way I always have both radios checked and functional. Should I need to switch back, its done within a blink of an eye on the intercom panel. Squelch setting -A squelch is used to suppress the white noise when no station is transmitting, turn the knob clockwise until the noise just about disappears (on radios with an automatic squelch you need to pull or push the volume knob). Sometimes after switching and verifying that you have the correct frequency and that the radio is operating correctly it might be that you are just to far away (or flying too low) for the next station. Its signal strength is just too weak to open the squelch you will hear nothing. First thing I do is to open up the squelch manually (pull/push the volume knob) and listen to the noise/static and other aircraft and retransmit when able. Chances are that you hear them calling you just above the noise level. By the time you get closer, the signal strength will have improved enough so that you can use the squelch again. Radio Failure -It will not happen that often but radios can fail and having a second on standby will save the day. Should it happen, try pulling the fuse wait a couple of minutes and push it in again. This might reset the radio. Should this fail then and you have only one radio, set 7600 on the transponder and determine if you need to divert to an airport where NORAD aircraft are allowed. It is advisable to call ATC after landing to explain the situation. Altitude -VHF communications rely on antennas to be in line of sight of each other to be able to receive their signals. Should you not hear the other station then climb, if possible, a couple of thousand feet. This will improve the range in which you can contact stations.HF communications rely on radio wave propagation by the Earths Ionosphere and line of sight is not so much of an issue here. Relaying-At times you may find that other, possibly higher flying aircraft, are willing to relay your message to the ground station. Sometimes even without asking, because they can hear you and the ground station and its obvious to them that you can not reach or hear ATC. Transponder Aircraft Transponder The transponder code for lost communications is 7600 in any mode (A/C/S). Setting this code will ring bells in ATC facilities and you will most definately get their attention! Again, make sure to explain the situation after landing. Diversion If all else fails and your destination is a controlled airport where radio communications are mandatory, then by all means divert to an airport where you can land without a radio and have your radio checked by a radio shop before you continue on to your final destination. Overflying the signal area before entering the circuit/pattern is a wise decision at that time. Describe about the visual signals and their use, colours and effects of the markings. Also identify other markings in the manoeuvring area and their use. This information was mentioned in (tc.gc.ca,2012) says A series of green flashes directed at an aircraft means respectively in flight on the ground 1. cleared to land; cleared to taxi. 2. return for landing; cleared for take-off. 3. return for landing; cleared to taxi. 4. cleared to land; cleared for take-off. A steady red light directed at an aircraft means in flight on the ground 1. give way to other aircraft and continue circling; stop. 2. give way to other aircraft and continue circling; taxi clear of landing area in use. 3. airport unsafe do not land; taxi clear of landing area in use. 4. airport unsafe do not land; stop. A series of red flashes directed at an aircraft means respectively in flight on the ground 1. airport unsafe, do not land; taxi clear of landing area in use. 2. give way to other aircraft and continue circling; stop. 3. do not land for time being; return to starting point on airport. 4. you are in prohibited area, alter course; stop. A steady green light directed at an aircraft means respectively in flight on the ground 1. cleared to land; cleared to taxi. 2. return for landing; cleared to taxi. 3. return for landing; cleared for take-off. 4. cleared to land; cleared for take-off. A flashing white light directed at an aircraft on the manoeuvring area of an airportmeans stop. return to starting point on the airport. cleared to taxi. taxi clear of landing area in use. Blinking runway lights advises vehicles and pedestrians to return to the apron. vacate the runways immediately. be aware that an emergency is in progress; continue with caution. be aware that an emergency is in progress; hold your position. This information is mentioned in (airservicesaustralia,2013) Colourƒ Runway markings are white(although yellow taxiway centrelines may lead on,lead off, or cross the runway). Taxiway markings are yellow. Markings on aprons and in ramp areas may include other colours(e.g. it is common to mark vehicle roadways in white). Taxiway marking patterns ƒIf a marking pattern consists of two or more lines—some of which are solid and some of which are dashed—these are runway holding position markings. It is always permissible to cross from the dashed side to the solid side. ATC permission is always required to cross from the solid side to the dashed side at an aerodrome with an operating control tower. When instructed to ‘hold short’ always stop before the first solid line of the runway holding point marking as depicted below. Figure01 Intermediate Holding Positions Intermediate holding position markings show a holding position between taxiways. Youwill need to hold at these if ATC direct you to hold short of a particular taxiway. figure02 Aerodrome signs – how to get from here to there safely Along with aerodrome markings and lights, aerodrome signs are designed to assist you in navigating around an aerodrome.It is essential that you understand the colour coding and meaning of these five types of signs when taxiing on an aerodrome: 1. Location sign: Identifies the taxiway you are currently located on. It has a yellow inscription on a black background Figure03 Mandatory instruction sign: Identifies the entrance to a runway or critical area, and areas prohibited for use by aircraft. It has a white inscription on a red background. You must obtain a clearance from ATC prior to proceeding past this point Figure04 Direction sign:identifies the designations of taxiways leading out of an intersection along with an arrow indicating the approximate direction of turn needed to align the aircraft on that taxiway. They are located before the intersection, normally on the left side and normally with a location sign. It has a black inscription on a yellow background figure05 Destination sign:Identifies with arrows the directions to specific destinations on the airfield (e.g. runways, terminals or airport services). It also has a black inscription on a yellow background figure06 Sign arrays:Grouping of direction signs. Signs are orientated clockwise from left to right. Left turn signs are on the left of the location sign and right turn signs are on the right of the location sign. Figure07 Aerodrome lighting There are many different lighting combinations that may exist on some aerodromes, especially where aircraft operations are conducted in the lower visibility ranges. For taxiing operations around airfields, you should remember: Runway edge lights are white (although on runways fitted with high intensity lighting, the runway edge lights within 600 m from the end of the runway will beyellow.) Figure08 taxiway edge lights or reflectors are blue figure09 taxiway centreline lights or reflectors are green figure10 runway guard lights are flashing yellow lights (either in the pavement or located on the side of the taxiway) and highlight a runway holding point figure11 High intensity approach lighting (HIAL) is red and white Figure12 Communication capabilities of the users and the role of tower controller This information is supported by (faa.gov,2014) sat the FAAs air traffic controllers ensure the safe and efficient flight for about two million aviation passengers per day or almost one billion people per year. Air traffic controllers safely manage more than 60 million aircraft annually to their destinations. The U.S. air traffic controller workforce consists of approximately 15,000 dedicated and well-trained men and women working in air traffic control towers, terminal radar approach control centers, and en route control centers managing 30.2 million square miles of airspace. Air Traffic Control Tower Controllers Work in the glassed-in towers you see at airports. They manage traffic from the airport to a radius of 3 to 30 miles out. They give pilots taxiing and take off instructions, air traffic clearance, and advice based on their own observations and experience. They provide separation between landing and departing aircraft, transfer control of aircraft to the en route center controllers when the aircraft leave their airspace, and receive control of aircraft on flights coming into their airspace. Terminal Radar Approach Controllers Work in radar rooms, using terminal radar sensors to assist the aircraft until it reaches the edge of the facilitys airspace, usually about 20 to 50 miles from the airport and up to about 17,000 feet, before handing it off to the En Route Center Controllers En Route Center Controllers Work in 21 centers across the country, in a location away from the airport. You will never see them during the course of your flight, but they will normally direct your aircraft for the bulk of your ride. Controlling traffic usually at or above 17,000 feet, the typical center has responsibility for more than 100,000 square miles of airspace generally extending over a number of states. These controllers give aircraft instructions, air traffic clearances and advice using radar or manual procedures they keep track of the thousands of planes in the sky at any one time. Due to the radar equipment, they work in semi-darkness and guide aircraft on the scope Reference faa.gov, (2014) Chapter 3- Airport Traffic Control- Terminal. [Online] Available at: Accessed on 2nd July 2014 Page ivao.aero, (2014) Air traffic services. [Online] Available at: Accessed on 2nd July 2014 Page flyingwithoutfear, (2014) air traffic control. [Online] Available at: Accessed on 2nd July 2014 Page experimentalaircraft, (2014) Loss of communication. [Online] Available at: Accessed on 2nd July 2014 Page tc.gc.ca. (2012) 2.0 Visual Signals. [Online] Available at:Accessed on 2nd July 2014 Page airservicesaustralia, (2013) 6. Aerodrome markings, signs and lights. [Online] Available at:Accessed on 3rd July 2014 Page faa.gov, (2014) Roles and Responsibilities of Air Traffic Control Facilities. [Online] Available at:Accessed on 3rd July 2014 Page 1

Business Analysis Of The Sony Corporation

Business Analysis Of The Sony Corporation As directed by the Board of Directors of Sony Corporation, this report will analyse the companys situation from 1999-2005. Sony, a world class consumer electronics makers, was facing serious concerns since the late of 1990s, such as Asian financial crisis in 1997, the tech bubble and the terrorist attacks in America in 2001. Besides, the ever increasing competition from competitors and rapid market changes are eroding the market shares of Sony. The top management confront their difficulties bravely and executed a series of actions to respond to those difficulties. This report focuses on the structure of Sony in 1999 and the restructuring in 2003, as well as the analysis of difficulties faced by Sony and how the management responded to those issues. The structure of the report starts with the business description and the corporation strategy which has significant relationship with the following sections. Then, the focus will move to structure 1999 follow with the restructuring of Sony in 2003 called Transformation 60. After the discussions about the business structure, the report will concentrate on analysing the issues associated with Sony and state the responses taken by the management and its underlying principle before concluding and with appropriate recommendations. 2.0 Business Description and Corporation Strategy Sony is one of the worlds top consumer electronics makers and employs over 167900 workers (Sony, 2010). The business operates in over 200 countries and covers the games, electronics, financial services, entertainment markets and others (ibid.). After 65 years of growth, today, the group has established a world class brand and the strong brand image can benefit its bargaining power and make the business move into new markets easily. 2.1 Key Figures Some key figures of Sony from 1997 to 2010 are listed below (Graph12). The Sales figure remained in the reasonably floating level before 2007. Unfortunately, the management and shareholders are unsatisfied with the profits, since 1998 the profits reduced nearly every year, this might have been the trigger to ignite the restructuring of Sony. Graph 1 Source: Sony Annual Report 2001, 2006, 2010- Five-Year Summary of Selected Financial Data Graph 2 Source: Sony Annual Report 2001, 2006, 2010- Five-Year Summary of Selected Financial Data 2.2 Correlation between Organisation Strategy and Organisation Structure Strategy and organisation structure are correlated to each other, even the debate of whether strategy or structure comes first is still in existence (Lynch, 2006). Therefore, to understand Sonys corporation strategy (Graph34) is significantly important before discussing the structure and restructuring of Sony. Besides, an essential portion of the study of Sonys actions is an understanding of the nature of business strategy for the Sony corporation as a whole (Mullins, 2010). Graph 3 Source: Sony Annual Report 1998 pp6, 7 Sony Annual Report 1999 pp26 Graph 4 Source: Sony Annual Report 2003 pp5-management discusses key issues 3.0 Organisational Structure This section is classified into two parts, 3.1 focuses on the structure of Sony in 1999 while section 3.2 concentrates on the restructuring in 2003. 3.1 Structure of Sony in 1999 Sony as a world class player in a diversified high-tech market was challenged with the fierce competition during the late 1990s (Sony, 1999). Therefore, the restructuring was necessary for Sony to survive in the competitive market. The group announced the organisations restructure plan in March 1999 to seize further growth opportunities in the new century and the Internet era (Sony, 1999). The structure of the organisation is determined by its age and size, technical system, power and environment (Mintzberg, 1979). Furthermore, in relation to the environment, the diversity of the environment will largely determine the structure of organization and directly affects the organisation functions into goal-seeking activities through the formal structure to achieve aims and objectives (Mullins, 2007; Mintzberg, 1979). In this diverse environment, different structures will be taken in specific department to meet different aspects of situation for Sony. 3.1.1 Internal Structure of Sony as a Whole The internal structure of Sony is a tall hierarchical structure as Sony consists of three main business areas which are electronic business, entertainment business and insurance and finance business (Graph 5). Besides, the setting up of the unified dispersed management model is to face the rapid change in market in the aforementioned pillars of Sony (Ravi, 2005). As a result, the overall structure of Sony in 1999 was divisionalized form. Schwartz and Thompson (1986) suggested that the divisionalization form can facilitate the various divisions to compete fiercely among them, with effective operations to face rapid changes in external environment. Graph 5 Source: www.HYPERLINK http://www.sony.net/Sony.net, Press Archive, March 29, 1999 Besides, centralization and decentralization depends on how organisational power is dispersed and is determined by the organization structure for decision-making and problem-solving (Schmidt, 2006). The structure of Sony in 1999 displayed Sonys trend to be decentralization to distribute the power yield. For example, Sony set up a unified dispersed management model which facilitates more functional and operational autonomy (Ravi, 2005). 3.1.2 Divisional Structures of Sony After the discussion above, the focus now moves to the structure of different divisions. The electronic business consists of various subsidiaries (Graph 6). Each subsidiary is responsible for its own different products and makes business decisions in different markets. There is little interdependence that exists between each other. Thus, the structure of electronic business was divisionalized form. Entertainment business displayed adhocracy due to its little formalisation of behaviour. Insurance Finance business displayed a Professional Bureaucracy structure due to its complex environment with highly trained skills and knowledge to offer standardisation of products and services (Mintzberg, 1979). Graph 6 Source: www.HYPERLINK http://www.sony.net/Sony.net, Press Archive, March 29, 1999 Each business division has the autonomous to make decisions in its daily operation. The Group headquarters concentrated on coordinating these business divisions to make a long-term business strategy. Nevertheless, under the complex, diverse and dynamic environment, perhaps the more organic and decentralized structure is more suitable for Sony. 3.2 Structure of Sony in 2003 Indeed, Sony restructured its organisation in 1999 into a more divisionalized and decentralised form using the unified dispersed model as a means of a Value Creation Model. Transformation 60 saw some changes in the architectural structure of the organisation with it becoming more centralised, management-wise and financial-wise. It was aimed to refining the organisational responsibilities in carrying out the operating strategies and restructuring the marketing strategies in profitable niches. The goals are to achieve more profit margins, reducing annual cost, and component outsourcing (Sony, 2003). 3.2.1 Divisional Structure of Transformation 60 Transformation 60 saw the convergence of the three pillars of Sony electronics, entertainment and financial as opposed to the unified dispersed model. The following are the divisional changes: In the electronics business, the management combined the Semiconductor Network Company, Home Electronics, Mobile Electronics and Information Technology (Sony, 2003). The entertainment business saw the joint of assets of pictures, music, game, electronics and services to enhance its position as a worldwide media company. The constructed financial holding company absorbed Sony Life Insurance Company Ltd, Sony Assurance Inc. and Sony Bank Inc. By these convergences, Sony clarified the operational structure and concentrated on the engineering, innovation and financial resources. According to the converging strategy, the new operation structure of Sony seems like a basic Machine Bureaucracy structure (Mintzberg, 1983). Although it is less dispersed than the structure in 1999, the pull to formalize by the technostructure of Sony could be seen in Transformation 60 (Mintzberg, 1981). The restructuring of Sony in 2003 was more centralised than before as a result of the serious convergences of several businesses. The tactical and strategic plans were permitted to each sectors, which points that the divisionalized form still existed. However, the power on personnel issues was controlled by the top management, as well as the supportive finance and the ultimate goal were allocated and formulated by the headquarters (Ravi, 2005). Moreover, the restructured Sony in 2003 did not belong to any specific structure of Mintzbergs pentagon t heory but the combined one (Graph 7). Graph 7 Sony organisational chart: electronics-related business (as of 1 April 2001) Source: www.sony.net, Press Release, 29th March 2001(a) 3.2.2 Financial Structure of Transformation 60 In the light of improving its fiscal position, the consolidation of fixed costs and the combining of assets reflected the change of a more centralized structure in Sony. The company aims to achieve an annualized cost reduction of approximately  ¥300 billion (Ravi, 2005). The cut in employees due to the off-shore strategy to China establish the Contribution equal to Compensation principal of paying for performances, as Schein (2004) stated that employees have worked well enough to be considered valid. Deactivating employees from Sony had cost the company financially and it might have explained the poor financial performance of Sony after the transformation was done. 4.0 Problems and Responses This section will discuss the problems associated with Sony alongside with the responses taken and its rationale. The difficulties faced by Sony have been separated into different categories mainly the rapid evolution of technology, competition in the market and the differences of national culture. 4.1 Rapid Evolution of Technology The rapid evolution of technology as pointed out by Idei (Ravi, 2005) has affected the electronics, entertainment and insurance and finance sectors of Sony. The constant improvements in technology have caused the company to respond to the demand of the market. The following are the responses made by the company alongside with its underlying rationale: Investments: Sony invested heavily in RD, capital equipment and facilities in order to meet demands and improve profitability. Technology for Inspiration and Shared Experience and Creating New Value are Sonys RD missions (Sony, 2011). The company believes that technology is capable of linking inspiration and shared experiences on top of creating new values and capturing emotions of customers (ibid.). Investment strategies link to the capability of top management of Sony. Organisation restructuring: The Company believes that the new group architecture can help gain market share besides increasing shareholders value (Sony, 1999). In this Value Creation Model, the unified dispersed management method saw changes in the electronics operations, establishment of Digital Network Solutions (DNS), changes in composition of workforce which could ultimately affect the morale of employees, implementation of new value-based performance measurement system and the separation of headquarters into two distinct functions (Ravi, 2005; Sony, 1999). Indeed, the model brings competitive advantage to Sony (Jayaranam Luo, 2007). In such a stiff market, it is understandable as to the measures taken to seize every opportunity. Unfortunately, in 2001, the September 11 attacks caused the consolidated drop in sales, affecting the fiscal position of the company (Sony, 2001b). This has proven that the Value Creation Model had loopholes, hence Transformation 60 took course. Severe cost saving measures were taken but by 2005, as a result of pressure from shareholder, a top management reshuffling with Howard Stringer as CEO (Ravi, 2005). This proves that investors of Sony began to lose confidence of the previous management team therefore it was necessary for the company to overhaul its board. 4.2 Market Competition Among Sonys competitors are LG, Samsung, Sharp, Dell and Canon. Each competitor seemed to have an advantage over Sony in different products. Below are among the steps taken by Sony to beat the competition in the market: Partnership with Solectron Corporation in year 2000 and off-shoring to China were to aid the outsourcing process of production of electronics was a step to help the company meet fluctuations in demands, cost reduction, quality improvisation and customer satisfaction (Sony, 2003; Sony, 2000). Outsourcing may be beneficial to the company as a whole but it could ultimately decrease the motivational level of employees, as there is a tendency of decrease of power of managers, and failure rate is between 40%-70% (Purse, 2009). This may explain the Sony Shock (Ravi, 2005) incident that happened in 2003 despite the laborious process of organisation restructuring. The cost-benefit consideration was not given much thought before the outsourcing was done. The takeover of Aiwa Co. Ltd. as a wholly owned subsidiary in 2002 was for the benefit of the electronics business of the company, particularly the audio and visual (AV) industry (Sony, 2002). The takeover became part of Transformation 60. It helped accelerate the structural reform of the electronics business of Sony on top of the creation of synergy as a result of the merger. 4.3 Differences in National Culture As Howard Stringer took over as the CEO of Sony in 2005, a major problem he would experience would be the differences in organisational culture. Culture refers to the way we do things around here (Sanchez, 2004). Being one of the few foreigners to be part of the top management in a Japanese company, Stringer has the responsibility of considering whether to impose the Western culture in a Japanese company. Azumi Mcmillan (1975) found that both the U.S. and Japanese culture are quite highly centralized and companys rules and procedures are abided. In Sony, although divisionalization form can be seen, the Headquarter still plays its role as a coordinator, meaning that ultimately, the decision-making process will need approval from the top management. Also, in Japan, traditional values that emphasises on hard work and details are a common practice due to its religion influences but in the U.S., creativity and innovation are the common values (Webster White, 2009). Hence, in U.S., risk-taking is very much observed. The open management style of Stringer, his understanding towards Sonys tradition and his international viewpoints could be the key to influence the cultural organisation (Sony, 2005). This can explain Stringers successes in streamlining Sonys movie and music businesses. 5.0 Conclusion Due to the external environment effect such as the Asian financial crisis, the ever increasing competition, as well as the internal business issues like the low efficiency, the profits of Sony has been reduced dramatically since 1998. Therefore the management had to execute some restructuring plan to respond to those concerns. According to the restructuring plan announced in March 1999, the structure of the group was divisionalized and more decentralization, in order to seize further growth opportunities in the 21st century. Besides, the group launched a unified dispersed management model to ensure that the business operate more efficiently and to be able to survive the rapid change of environment. Sony did a mass of changes to adapt to the market changes; unfortunately, the pace of the latter was overtaking the managements expectations. Consequently, Sony had to accelerate the reform plan and announced another restructuring plan called Transformation 60 in 2003. The change in 2003 s aw a stronger pull to formalize in the technostructure although it can be seen that there is a mixture between the machine bureaucracy and divisionalized forms. Convergences in the three sectors saw power being more focused at the top management. The change of technology, market competition and the differences in organisational culture, especially after the takeover of Stringer, were the main concerns of Sony. Organisational restructuring and investment strategies were among the solutions in coping with technological changes. Market competition forced Sony to deal with vast partnerships, joint ventures and mergers with other companies for outsourcing purposes. Finally, the change to a foreigner to lead a Japanese company spark concerns on the future of Sonys organisational culture. Nevertheless, based on the analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that Sonys management and business strategies affects its organisational structure. It was the drop in profits that led investors to force the overhauling of top management, as a result, the unified dispersed model and Transformation 60. Unfortunately, both measures failed to bring positive impacts to the companys fiscal positions. In light of the situation above, the new team led by Stringer with the probable change in organisational culture could probably help turn things around. 6.0 Recommendations Two main recommendations should be taken into account: Firstly, the future of the organisational culture of Sony has to be determined from two aspects based on the organization structure and the differences in national culture since the takeover of Stringer as CEO. Perhaps, Stringer could consider integrating the Eastern and the Western cultures to obtain the best of both worlds. Next, investment strategies of Sony may have to be re-evaluated again, as after the study of the company was done, there are hints of possibilities that failures in the companys fiscal position may have been caused by past investment decisions. Outsourcing may be beneficial but a thorough cost-benefit analysis has to be done. Investment decisions will reflect the capability of top management to stakeholders. Appendices Value Creation Model refers to the combination of intangible assets and monetary items to create additional value of the business for stakeholders, particularly shareholders (Qureshi, Briggs Hlupic, 2006; Haksever, Chaganti Cook, 2004). 2 The performance measurement system is capable of reflecting the current cost of capital of Sony 3 Before being elected as the CEO of Sony Corporation, he was the Chairman and CEO of Sony Corporation of America. Bibliographies Azumi, K Mcmillan, C (2004) Culture and organisation structure: a comparison of Japanese and British organisation, International Studies of Management and Organization. Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 35-47. Available from: Business Source Premier. [Accessed 16 January 2011] Datamonitor (2010), Sony Corporation-Company Profile, pp4, 5 and 21, Publication date: 12 Mar 2010 Elkington, J. Masaki, T. (2004) CSR Report 2004, [online]. 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Privatizing a State Run Natural Monopoly Essay -- Economics Economy Pa

A Natural Monopoly In Economics, a natural monopoly can be defined as an industry where the fixed cost of the capital goods is so high that it is not profitable for a second firm to enter and compete. The reason is that the nature of that product or service makes a single supplier more efficient than multiple, competing ones. The purpose of this essay is to discuss that the economic arguments for and against on privatizing a state run natural monopoly. You will find out on following contents. Main body --------- Natural monopolies are typically utilities such as water, electricity, and natural gas. It would be very expensive to build a second set of water and sewerage pipes in a city. Because this sort of service has a high fixed cost and a low variable cost. To prevent utilities from exploiting their monopolies with high prices, they are regulated by government sometime. Typically, they are allowed a fixed percentage of profit above cost. But this type of regulation can lead to inefficient high costs, since the monopoly is guaranteed a profit. To get around this problem, the government districts own the local utility and provide the service at cost. Another way to handle the natural monopoly is a significant shift of resources out of the state sector and into the private sector. Many governments around the world have followed this policy. For State owned monopolies across the world have proven themselves unable to invest properly in infrastructure, they provide relatively expensive and inefficient services and have poor labour re... ...ises such water supply, electricity, and telecommunications will always remain monopolistic in nature. It may not matter whether they are public or private. It is only in very large markets where there are sufficient economies of scale allowing for serious competition among privately owned utilities. Conclusion ---------- In conclusion, the arguments for privatising natural monopoly businesses are the same as for privatising any business. These monopolies usually dominate any nation's national economic efficiency, access to investment capital, innovative technology and effective management is even more important. Even after this kind of concern, we have to continue searching, through learning by doing, in order to reduce the power of monopolies on the daily lives.

Loyalty and Sacrifice in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men :: Steinbeck Of Mice and Men Essays

John Steinbeck was born in 1902, in California's Salinas Valley, a region that would eventually serve as the setting for Of Mice and Men, as well as many of his other works. He studied literature and writing at Stanford University. He then moved to New York City and worked as a laborer and journalist for five years, until he completed his first novel in 1929, Cup of Gold. With the publication of Tortilla Flat in 1935, Steinbeck achieved fame and became a popular author. He wrote many novels about the California laboring class. Two of his more famous novels included Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath. Steinbeck got the title for Of Mice and Men from a line of Robert Burns, a Scottish poet, â€Å"The best laid schemes of mice and men often go awry." In Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck includes the theme of loyalty and sacrifice between friends. Steinbeck illustrates the loyalty and sacrifice between friends through the friendship of Lennie and George. The issue of loyalty is embodied in the character of George. He is an intelligent man who could make a successful living for himself on his own. He chooses to stay beside his friend Lennie. George can never get a steady job to fulfill his long-term goal of having his own farm. The first job that Lennie and George have together goes well for a while. Eventually Lennie ruins everything that is going good for them. Lennie sees a pretty dress that a girl is wearing. Without thinking about what he is doing, he goes up and grabs the dress to feel the nice fabric. This scares the girl and she tells the boss. Soon the whole town is after Lennie. This is the perfect time for George to start a new life, without Lennie. However, because of his loyalty to Lennie, he chooses to help Lennie escape from the town. Lennie needs George to survive. It is this that propels George to make the sacrifice that he does. After Lennie kills Curley’s wife, George knows that this is the end for Lennie. No matter what, someone will eventually kill Lennie. And if Lennie gets away this time, there will be another time, and eventually the inevitable will happen. He truly loves Lennie, so he shoots Lennie painlessly in the back of the head. Lennie dies with the happy thought of the dream of the farm they want to own some day.

Company Recycling Program

Working in this company for some years now, I have noticed the large amount of paper, cans, plastic bottles, newspapers and cardboards being thrown away by our employees. As an environmental engineer concerned for the world we live in, it is alarming how these heaps of trash will burden Mother Earth when they are by all means recyclable.In connection, I want to propose for a recycling program to be implemented in our company. After some inquiries with the Facilities Department, I have learned from their manager, that ten years ago, our company has a recycling program but that it ended when the recycling coordinator left the company.I have also consulted Mr. Brown on the possibility of starting up another recycling program and he told me that even though he had no time to look at it, there is no problem in starting up another. Recycling is not very hard to do; it only involves some simple steps to follow as well as discipline of all the employees. Honolulu’s Department of Envir onmental Services (Honolulu ENV) devised six simple steps to follow in setting up a recycling program for any business: 1. Select a recycling coordinator;2. Conduct a waste audit; 3. Determine which materials to collect for recycling; 4. Select your collection contractor; 5. Design your collection contraction; and 6. Promote employee/tenant participation. There is no significant financial cost in the recycling program, only additional waste bins for waste segregation. Instead of paying for regular waste management companies, it is cheaper to contract recycling companies who will gladly pick up our garbage ready for recycling.Not only that, it is also a wise business move since nowadays, people are more conscious of environmental problems and look for companies who are advocates of protecting the environment. Once they know of our recycling program, they will see that we provide environmentally-friendly engineering and will choose our company when it comes to engineering services.Ple ase consider the matter. Thank you. Works Cited Honolulu ENV (Department of Environmental Services). (n. d. ). ENV Honolulu. Retrieved May 31, 2009, from http://www. envhonolulu. org: http://envhonolulu. org/solid_waste/How_to_Set_up_a_recycling_program. html

Study On The Industrial Abandoned Lands Architecture Essay

Industrial abandoned lands, ruins, eyesores, nothingnesss, derelict, urban comeuppances, dead zones, soundless infinites, landscapes of disdain, and knee bends are merely a few of the words that have been used to calculate out the fragments of transmutation within our urban infinites. They are footings that refer to infinites such as post-industrial landscapes, abandoned environments, and empty infinites in the peripheral parts of a metropolis. Linked to the procedures of decay, the footings besides refer to the â€Å" cultural information and societal † of our metropolis infinites, their â€Å" loss and ruin. † By virtuousness of their disregard, catastrophic province, and fringy topographic point in the urban landscape, recent architectural and urban planning discourse has defined these infinites as â€Å" contingent, † â€Å" interstitial, † and â€Å" infinites of indefiniteness. † Throughout the 2nd half of the 20th century, many metropoliss ha ve witnessed the fresh of important industrial landscapes and their eventual forsaking. Urban societies, cultural and architectural history, these landscapes of indefiniteness remain a portion of the urban palimpsest. Using the metaphor of â€Å" metropolis as palimpsest † and widening the impression of undetermined infinites. It is explored the nature of modern-day metropolis phenomena in relation to the transmutation of abandoned urban infinites. Since the autumn of the Nazi ‘s colonisation, Oswiecim has struggled with utilizing former mills. Under Communist force, the metropolis ‘s chief employer, who a chemical worker, failed to develop continue with modern engineering, and since 1989 over 10,000 work topographic points have been lost at the works. With apparently no other pick to cultivating a silvertip tourer trade, Oswiecim is happening its past progressively hard to get away. In other words, Oswiecim is urban decay metropolis – falls into unrecoverable and aged, with falling population or altering population, economic restructuring, abandoned edifices, high local unemployment, detached households, and inhospitable metropolis landscape – where whole metropolis country as fragments which is contained metropolis memories and infinite qualities. †¦ injury and discontinuity are cardinal for memory and history, ruins have come to be necessary for associating creativeness to the experience of loss at the person and corporate degree. Ruins operate as powerful metaphors for absence or rejection, and therefore, as inducements for contemplation or Restoration. [ 3 ]DecayIndustrial ruins are an intersection of the seeable and the unseeable, for the people who managed them, worked in them, and inhabited them are non at that place. And yet their absence manifests itself as a presence through the scintillas and soundless things that remain, in the objects we half acknowledge or environ with imaginings. In ruins we can place that which appeared to be non at that place, a host of marks and hints which let us cognize that a haunting is taking topographic point. The shades of ruins do non crawl out of fly-by-night topographic points unheralded, as they do in extremely regulated urban infinites, but are abundant in the marks which haun t the present in such a manner as to all of a sudden inspire the yesteryear. Rather than being exorcised through renovation, these shades are able to stalk us because they are portion of an unfinished disposal of infinites and affair, identified as rubbish but non yet cleared. Such things all of a sudden become alive, when the over and done with comes alive the things you partially recognize or have heard about provoke familiar feelings, an inventive and empathic recouping of the characters, signifiers of communicating, and activities of mill infinite. In these haunted fringes, shades seldom provoke memories of the epochal and the iconic but recollect the everyday transition of mundane factory life. The yesteryear is n't dead. It is n't even past. [ 4 ] The decay resides at the conceptual intersection of the single parts of the analogy that zone created by the superimposition and superposition of basically semitransparent entities. The active visible radiation of reading radiances through these beds, as it were, lighting important forms and figures. Meaning actively happens here ; it is constructed as images overlap each other, alining themselves momently, and so switching somewhat, promoting reevaluation and reinterpretation. As a superimposed figure of deepness in architecture, complexness occurs in both program and subdivision. As a site, the zone of significance in the analogical system is frequently equivocal. Yet, besides as a site, this country has boundaries or, instead, a set – mostly unquantifiable – of all available significances, which is different than a unbounded field of all-inclusiveness or unregulated readings.Trace and Time Layers with Derrida ‘s TheoryThe resonance of a knock on a door uncovers its denseness. The tactile of a wall describes its materiality. The texture of a floor may ask for us to sit or put down. The smoothness of a bannister comforts our acclivity. Human tegument is a powerful stuff that enables us to comprehend and understand our milieus. Skin is extremely expressive ; based on its colour, texture, wear and malleability we can read it, garnering information refering civilization, cultural background, age, maltreatment, wellness and the undertakings it performs on specific organic structure parts. Skin itself reads as it is clear. Our tegument can garner informations through haptic perceptual experience and read our spacial milieus. Architecture is an expressive act and the lone subject that stimulates all of our senses. An designer designs infinites that foresee and observe the bodily interaction of the dweller. Harmonizing to Derrida, phenomenology is metaphysics of presence because it inadvertently relies upon the impression of an indivisible self-presence, or in the instance of Husserl, the possibility of an exact internal adequateness with oneself. In assorted texts, Derrida contests this valorisation of an undivided subjectiveness, every bit good as the primacy that such a place agreements to the ‘now ‘ , or to some other sort of temporal immediateness. For case, in Speech and Phenomena, Derrida argues that if a ‘now ‘ minute is conceived of as wash uping itself in that experience, it could non really be experienced, for there would be nil to juxtapose itself against in order to light that really ‘now ‘ . Alternatively, Derrida wants to uncover that every alleged ‘present ‘ , or ‘now ‘ point, is ever already compromised by a hint, or a residue of a old experience, that precludes us of all time being in a self-contained ‘n ow ‘ minute.MemoryWhenever I distrust my memory, writes Freud in a note of 1925. I can fall back to write and paper. Pater so becomes an external portion of my memory and retains something which I would otherwise transport about with me invisibly. When I write on a sheet of paper, I am certain that I have an digesting ‘remembrance ‘ , safe from the ‘possible deformations to which it might hold been subjected in my existent memory. The disadvantage is that I can non undo my note when it is no longer needed and that the page becomes full. The composing surface is used up. Memory-autobiographical and corporate, each built-in to the other-exists as the foundation upon which significance is built. Memory affords our connexion to the universe. Every facet of experience becomes enveloped in the procedure of memory. It forms our individuality as persons and it coheres persons together to organize the individuality of societal groups. Memory is besides the yarn which links the lived-in now with the yesteryear and the hereafter: what I remember of my past contributes to who I am now ( at this really minute ) and in many ways affects what I will make in the hereafter. Without memory, intending edifice can non go on. [ 5 ] Memory of architecture, hence, seems to depend more on our ability to comprehend the corporal state of affairs. Furthermore those state of affairss are capable to peculiar catalytic minutes in time-those cases in which the energies of both the container and the contained become virtually identical. The timing of those minutes is uneven, poetic, and anisotropic. It would be impossible for the constitutional elements of a topographic point memory to prolong a changeless equilibrium or frequence of resonance in clip. It needs to be emphasised that retrieving is a thoroughly societal and political procedure, a kingdom of controversy and contention. The yesteryear is â€Å" invariably selected, filtered and restructured in footings set by the inquiries and necessities of the present † . Memories are selected and interpreted on the footing of culturally located cognition and this is farther â€Å" constituted and stabilised within a web of societal relationships † , consolida ted in the `common sense ‘ of the mundane. Although patterns of scratching memory on infinite are tremendously varied, there are undoubtedly inclinations to repair important significances about the yesteryear through an ensemble of patterns and engineerings which centre upon the production of specific infinites, here identified as monumental `memory-scapes ‘ , heritage territories, and museums. It is within the contingent infinites of the metropolis where passing gestures resonate, pulling our attending to the residue of the yesteryear, luring us to rediscover their temporal value. And for me at least, ruins, like palimpsests, are hints by which we discover our urban history, and the psyche of a infinite. As all historical narrations are subjectively woven Tapestries of pieced historical facts and events, new Histories frequently reveal striking disagreements in the additive conventions of antecedently inscribed histories. The purpose here is to patch together incompatible theoretical impressions, to bring forth an archeological probe, which is consistent with the theoretical and ideological attack of Aldo Rossi. The most redolent plants of Aldo Rossi are model of the procedure of constructing significance as we engage memory in our mundane experiences, believing analogically and understanding the universe tacitly by making and doing. Whether stated explicitly or non, Rossi must hold sensed the necessity to anneal his early polemics about a theory of design with a committedness to architecture of intense poesy, of non-quantifiable prowess, and an architecture conscious of its autobiographical significance. Underliing the positivist inclinations of Rossi ‘s theoretical ork is a profoundly felt fear for the power of memory, both his ain every bit good as the corporate memory of a peculiar civilization or society that is embodied in cardinal architectural types. And the force of memory permeates his full work to such an extent that it is about pathological, or cultish, or verging on nostalgia, to state the least. For Rossi, the procedure of memory analogically suggests the development and morphology of the physical signifier of the metropolis ; and a formal linguistic communication based on a typology of architecture ; and, as a affair of necessity, the repetitive, obsessional, and dynamic nature of his ain originative pattern. However, Rossi ‘s poetic was non every bit self-involved as it may seem-or, at least, it was non finally meant to turn in on itself in the creative activity of a restrictive, self-indulgent revery. He expected his compulsion with memory to interpret into his edifices in such a manner that it would inspire architecture with a new autonomy, a freedom of experience and significance similar to so many of those edifices he had discovered and cited in his early treatise, The Architecture of the City: the Palazzo della Ragione in Padua, the Roman amphitheater-turned-market square in Lucca, the bantam fishing huts along the Po River valley-buildings that, while exposing features of specific types, transcended the plan of those types by suiting a ltering activities and utilizations. By analogically associating the heterotaxy of architectural types with the procedure of memory, Rossi was favoring intending edifice with his architecture as an built-in portion of the reinforced environment, particularly as it governed the development of metropoliss. It is how Rossi engaged the profound memories of his yesteryear. It is how he anticipated people would populate with and within his edifices, seeing in those signifiers their ain memories of an architectural yesteryear, promoting them to reactivate those connexions, those relationships in his edifices. â€Å" The outgrowth of dealingss among things, more than the things themselves, ever gives rise to new significances, † wrote Rossi. Possibly, like this: Confront the reinforced form-it reminds you of other edifices and other experiences you have had before-this new edifice feels familiar and established in your apprehension of â€Å" the given † -yet, you experience this edifice as something different, it ‘s significance has changed from what you thought it should be because of the alteration in how you use the architecture- † the given † is expanded, enriched with new significance†¦ significance edifice. It is how Rossi â€Å" practiced † architecture-by working analogically from drawings to edifices to Hagiographas, detecting relationships, researching the infinite where significance happens, in between those things which can be explicitly articulated, obviously expressed.Sampling‘to make music, people need sounds and when people ca n't do them yourself you find them someplace else: in visual aspect there is nil more simple ‘ . ‘The sampling station is an electronic memory that is virtually infinite, which enables sounds to be stored, from a individual note to a symphonic music. This fund constitutes a kind of personal library, where plants are reduced to an anthology of chosen pieces drawn flora the huge reservoir of musical civilization. The work ceases to work as a ‘closed musical composition ‘ or a tune and becomes a amount of harmoniousnesss and pre bing sounds. The sampling station is therefore the Centre of sound memory, a Centre where all metabolisms are possible. It is an abstr act topographic point where all the sounds of the universe are classified and subjected to alterations. This tool simplifies the work of the DJ, who so needs merely to physically pull strings the vinyl records in order to modify sounds, decelerating them down, falsifying them or go throughing them into a cringle. These uses are necessary to the building of a lasting beat by the commixture of short interruptions. The re-appropriation of cognition has ever been pre sent in human activity, in different signifiers, but the coming of the sampling station has upset the pre bing metaphysical relationship between creative activity and memory. Indeed, by dependably recovering recorded pieces ready to be recombined, the memory no longer works as a accelerator. The combined consequence of the hibernating memory/recall binomial implements internal re-composition, a metamorphosis that plays on memory by default. But the sampling station, on the contrary, pushes the procedure of fiction to the su rface, turning it into a witting act, like montage, therefore associating it to an aesthetic of superposition, potpourri and merger.MentionsLeatherbarrow. D, Mostafavi. M, Surface ArchitectureSkin+Bones ; Parallel Practieces in Fashion and Architecture, Thames & A ; Hudson, London, 2007McLuhan. M, Understanding Media ; The Extensions of Man, 2002Bru E, New Territories New Landscapes, ACTAR, 1997Herausgeber, Atlas of Shrinking Cities, HATJE CANTZ, 2004Juhani. P, The eyes of the tegument ; architecture and the senses, London: Academy Editions,1996Morphosis, Architecture and Urbanism, A+U, 1994This quotation mark was taken from Walter Benjamin ‘s â€Å" Paris: Capital of the Nineteenth Century, † cited in Sexuality and Space, erectile dysfunction. Beatrize Colomina ( New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1992 ) 74.Matthew Goulash, 39 Micro Lectures in Proximity of Performance ( London and New York: Routledge, 2000 ) 190.Salvator Settis, frontward, Irresistable Decay: Ru ins Reclaimed, by Michael S. Roth ( Los Angeles, CA: The Getty Research Institute for the History of Art and the Humanities, 1997 ) seven.William Faulknerdoing intending out of the memory of architecture