Gaining a foot ahead in the athletic industry Assignment

Increasing a foot ahead in the athletic business - Assignment Example is program develops the accessible preparing openings since it permits mentors to have the option to see how to prepare grown-ups and their learning designs. Nonetheless, the mentors may want to adapt in order to have the option to prepare others, however the assets gave by the area probably won't be sufficiently sufficient to help this program. This may be a test, however it doesn't really imply that it is unachievable as it is a need if the region is to make an expert learning condition. So as to cut on the expense of Training the coach, it is significant for schools to do this inside as opposed to begging the administrations of outside staff to direct the preparation on the grounds that re-appropriating can be a costly endeavor. Outer specialists can offer a similar preparing, yet do as such at over the top rates, implying that preparation inside can be the ideal way since it will have the option to cut on the expenses. Inner preparing can likewise offer continuous help when the coaches are executing the preparation program as this can assist the teachers with making the vital changes according to the exhortation the mentors may get from their mentors. Interior preparing is likewise the most ideal approach on the grounds that the coaches are increasingly acquainted with the school curricular utilized implying that they may not think that its difficult to apply the program when contrasted with outer mentors that may need to comprehend the curricular before they can initiate work (261f). Consequently, inner mentors can adjust proficient preparing to the social traits, arrangements and educational program in order to guarantee that the program applied turns into a triumph. Moreover, proficient adapting additionally necessitates that an educator consolidates it with directions to have the option to help the adapting needs of the understudies and furthermore check what they ought to be instructed. In synopsis, including outside coaches for the Training the mentor program can be costly and might compel a school to expand their school expenses,

Females Portrayal in Death of a Salesman Essay

In the play, Death of a Salesman, Linda delineates the author’s perspective on ladies inside this time. Linda was restless in turning into the best â€Å"housewife†. Her temperament and demeanor, even before she enters the play, is one of thoughtfulness, love and a profound adoration for her better half Willy, in spite of his deficiencies. She assumed on full liability for herself and family. Now in history the run of the mill lady was seen as a servant and that's it. In the vast majority of Linda’s sense she is seen in or around the house. She is for the most part found in the lounge room, room, and kitchen all through the play. Regularly her stage headings will be â€Å"carrying a washbin† or continually recovering what different character’s need. Stage bearings inside simply the initial scarcely any lines showed that Linda was â€Å"taking off [Willy’s] shoes† for him. Linda was continually endeavoring to keep the men around her glad and living in comfort. During this time this was a characteristic all ladies attempted to satisfy. Linda’s relationship with Willy is the most evident proof of the perspective on ladies inside this time. Willy is an image of the run of the mill man who exploits the ladies throughout his life and depends on them for solace and backing while at the same time giving them nothing consequently. Linda continually alludes to her significant other as â€Å"dear† or â€Å"darling† while he shows her no common treatment of love. She will continually rationalize Willy to conceal his personality and that gives her vast tolerance. This shows Linda isn't happy to conflict with Willy in any capacity regardless of whether it was to go to bat for herself, she won't conflict with his promise. Each progression Linda takes, is so as to cause Willy to feel good, continually supplementing him saying â€Å"Willy, dear, you’re the handsomest man in the world†. It is apparent that the friendship from a lady was much for present then that from the man. She is additionally observed continually stressing for her better half and family, however not for herself. She will make a special effort to ensure Willy has all that he needs before he goes out and will help him to remember little things saying â€Å"Be cautious on the metro stairs† as though he was only a kid. The lady figure is introduced as the one that must watch out for everybody else’s needs and ensure that every other person is solid and steady. The ladies are additionally sees, as the one’s that keep the men in their lives over from seeking after an actual existence past the home. When Willy aches to go out to Alaska for an existence of experience, Linda implores him to â€Å"stay with her and the kids. † Since the ladies are viewed as such docile spouses who are altogether attached to the home, when Willy wants to leave the solaces of home she endeavors to persuade him that everything around home can not beat what it as of now is. Not exclusively will she react along these lines to just Willy, yet in addition for Willy she will respond distinctively to her children. She yells, â€Å"Don’t you care whether Willy lives or bites the dust? †. Indeed, even amidst attempting to persuade herself that Willy’s issue was false, Linda will effectively ensure Willy. She requests her youngsters to have regard similarly as she does towards Willy, regardless of whether it was regard merited or not. The male figure is seen as the egotistical man who doesn't take thought to the ones around them, exploiting each circumstance, rewarding there spouses as toys and disregarding them to the extraordinary and having illicit relationships. Linda is made to be a spouse who at all cost, regardless of what the circumstance, will consistently remain only faithful to her better half. Mill operator proposes those ladies are not exclusively to be accommodating to men, yet in addition really have no character separated from them. Along these lines, basically the men are believed to have extreme command over each circumstance and the ladies in their lives while the ladies are purposefully accommodating. A lady just has direction in a man, yet she will â€Å"hold the man back† so he unavoidably will disdain her fundamentally in any case, lady is bound for a real existence attempting to â€Å"work† for her husband’s â€Å"love. Linda was constantly constrained to what she could do, alongside what she said. Arthur Miller demonstrated how one-dimensional a women’s life was simply to demonstrate she was deserving of a home and family. Linda was never conceded the option to go to bat for her self, and reg ardless of whether the open door was available it would have not been taken, do to affronting Willy in his home. During this time this was an attribute all ladies strived to satisfy.

Oscar Romero Essays - Servants Of God, Human Rights In El Salvador

Oscar Romero Oscar Romero 24th March (slaughtered 1980) Among those remembered in new sculptures on the west front of Westminster Monastery I am bound, as a minister, by divine order to give my life for those whom I love, and that is all Salvadoreans, even the individuals who are going to slaughter me. These words showed up in a paper only fourteen days before Archbishop Romero was shot while observing Holy Communion in the medical clinic which had been his home since his enthronement in 1977. Calm, unassuming, moderate in demeanor and viewed by the congregation as securely conventional, he was an improbable saint for the reason for freedom. Oscar Arnulfo Romero y Goldamez was conceived (1917) in the town of Cindad Barrios, in the mountains of El Salvador close to the fringe with Honduras. Leaving school at twelve he started an apprenticeship as a woodworker, appearing guarantee as a specialist, yet before long idea about appointment, in spite of the fact that his family were not sharp. He prepared at San Miguel and San Salvador, previously finishing his philosophical examinations in Rome. As a result of the war in Europe there was no individual from his family at his appointment in 1942. Coming back to San Salvador in 1944, he filled in as a nation minister previously assuming responsibility for two theological schools. In 1966 he became secretary to the El Salvador Bishop's Conference - a post he held for a long time. He earned a notoriety as a lively manager and his motivational messages were communicate over the city of San Miguel by five radio broadcasts. Oscar became cleric in 1970, serving first as aide to the matured Diocese supervisor of San Salvador and from 1974 as Bishop of Santiago de Maria. Inside three years he was Archbishop of San Salvador. Around then there was developing distress in the nation, the same number of turned out to be more mindful of the incredible social shameful acts of the worker economy. About 40% of the land was possessed by a little level of the populace - a core of families who couldn't care less about the individuals? To keep up and increment their edge of benefit they curb the individuals. Most of customary individuals driven devastated and unreliable lives. Gatherings of Christians framed to take part in study, love and gathering conversation, intending to follow the accounts and their suggestions for society. These ?Basic Communities' each had their own cleric, and a pioneer chose from among the gathering. The landowners were frightened at seeing uneducated laborers picking their own representatives and fretting about social issues for the sake of Christianity. Harmful press crusades were directed against them, with allegations of Marxism. Conservative posses rose to convey out dynamic oppression and killings. People simply disappeared without follow or reason. Passing crews wandered the open country and warriors assaulted any dissenters in the square of the capital. Romero fought at the slaughtering of people who had rampaged in organized design to request for equity and freedom. There were, obviously, the individuals who looked for change through brutality, holding onto land and giving landowners cause to respond, however, Oscar Romero censured all types of what he called ?the otherworldliness of savagery'. One minister, Fr. Rutilio Grande, was especially frank in upbraiding the shameful acts against the 30,000 laborers working thirty-five sugar-stick ranches in his general vicinity. Diocese supervisor Romero guarded Fr. Grande against official analysis: The administration ought not consider a minister who stands firm for social equity, as a lawmaker, or an incendiary component, when he is satisfying his crucial the governmental issues of the benefit of all. In March 1977, Fr. Grande and two partners were killed. Diocese supervisor Romero was gathered to see the bodies - a trace of what befalls intrusive clerics. This and the absence of any official enquiry persuaded him that the legislature utilized - or if nothing else upheld - individuals who executed for political comfort. He reacted by forbidding the festival of Mass anyplace in the nation on the next Sunday with the exception of at his own Cathedral, a festival to which all the devoted were welcomed - and came - flooding in their thousands into the court outside. The occasion served to join the unwavering and expel any questions about Romero's responsibility to equity. The legislature obviously

Marketing & Entrepreneurship Of Optus †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Marketing Entrepreneurship Of Optus. Answer: Organization foundation Optus is viewed as the second biggest media transmission organization of Australia which has its head quarters in Sydney. Optus is claimed totally by Singtel Group, which is viewed as Asias driving Communications Company and Optus is a significant supporter of the income of the organization. Optus is a well known brand in Australia and its compass is all over. So as to offer administrations to the clients the organization possesses arrange framework, alongside that discount administrations of theNational Broadband Networkas well asTelstra is additionally utilized by Optus to convey services(Wright and Snook 2016). Optus doesn't just give correspondence system to the end clients there are different organizations like ExetelandAmaysim to which Optus fills in as a distributer. Optus is the biggest satellite distributer in Australia it offers satellite types of assistance and is engaged with assembling 4G mobiles too. Alongside media transmission an auxiliary of the organization is yes brand which gives broadband and remote internet providers too (optus.com.au 2017). The organization positions itself as a substance that empowers and advances venture and development, with the wide cluster of items and administrations and joint effort with a plenty of coordinated efforts it demonstrates that it bolsters and advances maintainability and improvement of the general public Product and administrations of Optus: Media transmission: Owned by correspondence goliath SingTel the telecom is the essential help that Optus offers the Australian people group. It offers rewarding arrangements and offers for the clients all the time. Web broadband and remote administrations: Recent expansion to the association id the 4G organize which permits overly quick web association. The organization gives the shoppers in offers and arrangements in broadband and furthermore in remote help for household or business reason. Online business: Optus has an internet business webpage too which is vivid and clear. The UI is simple and there are a few cell phones that are accessible with limits and offers alongside the integral network administrations. In the site there are a few pack choices for information organize, tablet plans, pre-booking of a few new Smartphone choice is likewise accessible in the Optus site (optus.com.au 2017). Discount administration: The satellite assistance is a discount business giving network to a few different stages. The media transmission foundation is likewise imparted to different organizations to give back up to the organizations who need framework of their own. Optus Sport channel: This is another contribution of the organization for the games darlings with the goal that they can appreciate sports anytime of time utilizing any cell phones (Wright and Snook 2016). References: optus.com.au. 2017.Home page. [online] Available at: https://www.optus.com.au/[Accessed 21 Sep. 2017]. Wright, T. furthermore, Snook, C.J., 2016.Digital Sense: The Common Sense Approach to Effectively Blending Social Business Strategy, Marketing Technology, and Customer Experience. John Wiley Sons.

The Parable of the Sahdu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Parable of the Sahdu - Essay Example Illustration of the Sadhu started with the multi-ethnic and worldwide gathering of master hikers who need to arrive at the highest point of Mount Everest. One gathering part who is a piece of the New Zealand gathering of mountain dwellers found the sadhu (an Indian sacred man that rehearses yoga or an austere or a spiritualist) to lie in the snow practically stripped and close to death effectively because of hypothermia (loss of body heat because of the virus). He carried this Indian man to the gathering to which the creator Bowen H. McCoy had a place with so they can deal with him. He was in a rush to rejoin his gathering that is as of now a long ways ahead in the mountains. Individuals from the gathering of McCoy gave their nourishment and garments to the Sadhu so he can recoup his quality. The four individuals from a Swiss gathering additionally assisted with keeping the man warm. The gathering of the Japanese climbers wouldn't loan their pony for shipping the Sadhu down the mount ains to the following closest town. The neighborhood watchmen conveyed the man rather however just most of the way to the town and left the sadhu to cover the remainder of the route to the town which they called attention to him. Nobody in the gathering had tried to ask the sadhu for what good reason he was there in the spot or on the off chance that he had truly needed to bite the dust (McCoy 12). Nobody additionally knew whether the sadhu in the long run lived or not. The lesson of the story is that individuals will frequently act diversely when faced with a circumstance that requires moral judgment. In this anecdote, each gathering of climbers found motivation to help the sadhu yet just somewhat, on the grounds that each had a more significant standard of arriving at the mountains top before the snow steps will dissolve and make arriving at the highest point practically incomprehensible. Every individual was stood up to with a moral quandary: regardless of whether to proceed with their excursion or help out the sadhu and get deferred and most likely never arrive at the mountains top any longer. At issue in this story is no individual or gathering was happy to acknowledge obligation regarding the sadhu. Huge numbers of us as experts will experience comparative

AWA Argument Brainstorming

Just like the assumptions themselves, the trepidation people have of The Argument Task   on the Analytical Writing Assessment section of the GRE is unwarranted. Below is a sample argument prompt. Below the prompt is the first step in the process of approach the Argument Task:   Brainstorm. Sample task Supercorp recently moved its headquarters to Corporateville. The recent surge in the number of homeowners in Corporateville prove that Corporateville is a superior place to live than Middlesburg, the home of Corporateville’s current headquarters. Moreover, Middlesburg is a predominately urban area and according to an employee survey, Supercorp has determined that its workers prefer to live in an area that is not urban. Finally, Corporateville has lower taxes than Middlesburg, making it not only a safer place to work but also a cheaper one. Therefore, Supercorp clearly made the best decision. â€Å"Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on the assumptions and what the implications are if the assumptions prove unwarranted.† ETS Step One Attacking the Assumptions Do not agree with any part of the argument. Instead, show that the argument is making a series of unwarranted assumptions by highlighting each one. Of course, you do not only want to cite what is wrong with the argument, you want to discuss also how the argument can be improved. The first step of course is to list the assumptions (you can think of this as the brainstorming part). This step is crucial – don’t just rush into the essay. Planning before you write will, in the end, save you time. In this post we will only be concerned with the brainstorming part. The follow-up post will have a sample essay, followed by a score and feedback, including how to improve the essay. Assumption #1 The argument assumes that the increase in homeowners is directly correlated with improved living, or, as the argument states, â€Å"a superior place to live.† Housing could simply be cheaper, causing an influx of people. That is the increase of population does not mean that everybody wants to live in Corporateville because it is such a great place. Assumption #2 Even if everybody wants to move to Corporateville because it is a superior place to live, that doesn’t mean what is â€Å"superior† for residents is â€Å"superior† for a corporation. Remember working and living are two very different things. Assumption #3 We do not know anything about the survey. Is it really indicative of how employees feel? Perhaps the survey only asked upper management. Maybe only the engineering department was questioned. Basically, there is no way for us to know whether the sample was representative. Anyhow, the survey – even if it is representative – found that Supercorp’s workers preferred to live, not to work, in areas that are not urban. Assumption #4 There is nothing in the argument that says that Corporateville is not urban. Perhaps Corporateville is also somewhat urban. We do not know. And be careful not to assume that people typically leave urban areas for the suburbs. Never bring your own preconceived notions into the argument. Assumption #5 Towards the end, the argument mentions that Corporateville is safer. The argument never mentioned that – thus it conflates superior and safe. In this same sentence, you will also find mention of lower taxes. If the argument is setting out to prove that Corporateville is a superior place to work than Middlesburg, it has to be more specific about how lower taxes will improve quality of work place. Assumption #6 The argument ends by saying that Supercorp clearly made the right decision. Even if Corporateville is a better place for Supercorp to say that the company made â€Å"the best decision† is stretching it. Perhaps Supercorp could have moved to a different city, one even better suited to its needs. Takeaway The goal of the brainstorming session is not to see how many assumptions you can find. Instead, you want to choose the few that you think best invalidate the argument. This post was written by Chris Lele, GRE Expert, and originally posted at the Magoosh GRE Blog.

Hofstra University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Hofstra University is a private university with an acceptance rate of 63%. The 240-acre campus is located in Hempstead, Long Island, within easy reach of New York City. The university has a 13-to-1  student / faculty ratio  and an average class size of 20. Campus life is active, and Hofstra has over 200 student clubs and organizations including an active Greek system. Business majors are popular among undergraduates, but Hofstras strengths in the liberal arts and sciences earned the school a chapter of  Phi Beta Kappa. On the athletic front, the Hofstra Pride competes in the NCAA Division I  Colonial Athletic Association. Popular sports include basketball, track and field, soccer, lacrosse, and field hockey. Considering applying to Hofstra University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Hofstra University had an acceptance rate of 63%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 63 students were admitted, making Hofstras admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 27,620 Percent Admitted 63% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 9% SAT Scores and Requirements Hofstra University has a test-optional standardized testing policy for most applicants. Applicants to Hofstra may submit SAT or ACT scores to the school, but they are not required.  During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 70% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 580 660 Math 570 670 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that of those students who submitted scores during the 2017-18 admissions cycle, most of Hofstras admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Hofstra scored between 580 and 660, while 25% scored below 580 and 25% scored above 660. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 570 and 670, while 25% scored below 570 and 25% scored above 670. While the SAT is not required, this data tells us that a composite SAT score of 1330 or higher is competitive for Hofstra University. Requirements Hofstra University does not require SAT scores for admission for most applicants. For students who choose to submit scores, note that Hofstra participates in the scorechoice program, meaning that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. Hofstra recommends that students include the essay portion of the SAT. Note that applicants to particular programs (e.g. Hofstras dual degree physician assistant program and the BS-BA/MD program), home schooled applicants, international students, and students applying for the Hofstra Trustee Scholarship, are required to submit standardized test scores. ACT Scores and Requirements Hofstra University has a test-optional standardized testing policy for most applicants. Applicants to Hofstra may submit SAT or ACT scores to the school, but they are not required.  During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 29% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 24 31 Math 24 28 Composite 24 30 This admissions data tells us that of those who submitted scores during the 2017-18 admissions cycle, most of Hofstras admitted students fall within the  top 26% nationally  on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Hofstra received a composite ACT score between 24 and 30, while 25% scored above 30 and 25% scored below 24. Requirements Note that Hofstra does not require ACT scores for admission for most applicants. For students who choose to submit scores, Hofstra superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. Hofstra recommends that students submit the ACT writing section. Note that applicants to particular programs (e.g. Hofstras dual degree physician assistant program and the BS-BA/MD program), home schooled applicants, international students, and students applying for the Hofstra Trustee Scholarship, are required to submit standardized test scores. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of Hofstras incoming class was 3.64, and over 90% of students had GPAs of 3.0 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Hofstra University have primarily A and B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Hofstra University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Hofstra University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Hofstra University, which accepts fewer than two-thirds of applicants, has selective admissions. However, Hofstra also has a  holistic admissions  process and is test-optional, and admissions decisions are based on more than numbers. A strong  application essay  and  glowing letters of recommendation  can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful  extracurricular activities  and a  rigorous course schedule. The college is looking for students who will contribute to the campus community in meaningful ways, not just students who show promise in the classroom. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their grades and scores are outside of Hofstras average range. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. Most admitted students had a high school average of B or better, a combined SAT score of 1050 or higher (ERWM), and an ACT composite score of 23  or higher. Grades are much more important than standardized test scores due to Hofstras test-optional admissions policy. If You Like Hofstra University, You May Also Like These Schools Stony Brook UniversityDrexel UniversityIthaca CollegeTemple UniversityNew York UniversityPennsylvania State UniversitySyracuse UniversityPace UniversityBoston University All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Hofstra University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

The Perception Of Stress And Anxiety - 998 Words

Source 2: The Perception you Take As Mahatma Gandhi said, Man often becomes what he believes himself to be. Therefore, if you feel that you are a very stressed person or doomed to feel stressed out, then you will likely find ways to manifest that stress through your perception on life. In addition, you won t even bother to learn how to deal with stress because you won t believe you can. Your perception is based on your beliefs, values, and your conditioning. If you believe that life is out to get you, and you don t value your own happiness very much, and you have been conditioned to believe that there is nothing you can do when bad things happen, then your perception towards struggles and challenges is going to be one where stress and anxiety are abundant. How could you be anything but stressed with that perception? Moreover, if you believe that you have to be the best in life, and do everything in your power to make that happen, then you are going to stress yourself out for two reasons. First, you will need to take on a workload that no normal human being can handle. And, second, you will never reach the level of perfection you want (because you are human who is not perfect) and each failure will feel very stressful on your mind and body. Your perception is why you can get stressed out over something so quickly while your friend stands there calmly. You see the situation in a completely different way than them, so you react completely different than them. OfShow MoreRelatedA Study Conducted By Navjot Bhullar, Nicola S. Schutte Essay933 Words   |  4 Pagesreport lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress (Bhullar, N., Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., 2012). They conducted the study in two countries: India, a collectivistic culture, and Australia, an individualistic culture, where they determined participants’ orientations with the 27-item Triandis Gelfand scale (1998); emotional intelligence with the 33-item Assessing Emotions Scale (Schutte et al., 1998) where it’s broken down into three major factors: perception, managing own emotions, managingRead MoreStress Management Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesStress is defined as â€Å"any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and thereby tax one’s coping abilities† (Weiten Lloyd, 2006, p. 72). Stress is a natural event that exists literally in all areas of one’s life. It can be embedded in the environment, culture, or perception of an event or idea. Stress is a constant burden, and can be detrimental to one’s physical and mental health. 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Has Birth Control Helped Our Women Or Been An Affliction

Has birth control helped our women or been an affliction for them ? In 1950, a lady whose name is Margaret Sanger underwrote the research to create the first birth control pill. â€Å"She raised $150,000 for the project. 1960 The first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as contraception (Sanger 24)†. I am looking forward to initiate what people views are from the perspective of birth control and if it has helped the society and if it hasn’t why do they think otherwise. Margaret Sanger who created the birth control concept had experienced a lot that made her think about this discovery. She was one of 11 children but, her mother had 18 pregnancies so that made her want to continue and learn†¦show more content†¦He says,† they don’t really know the contraception of the what to do. â€Å"In 1965, The Supreme Court (in Griswold v. Connecticut) gave married couples the right to use birth control, ruling that it was protected in the Constitution as a right to privacy. However, millions of unmarried women in 26 states were still denied birth control. In 1968, FDA approved intrauterine devices (IUDs), bringing early versions like the Lippes Loop and Copper 7 to market1970 Feminists challenged the safety of oral contraceptives (the Pill) at well-publicized Congressional hearings. As a result, the formulation of the Pill was changed, and the package insert for prescription drugs came into being. In 1972, The Supreme Court (in Baird v. Eisenstadt) legalized birth control for all citizens of this country, irrespective of marital status. In 1974, The FDA suspended sale of the Dalkon Shield IUD due to infections and seven documented deaths among users. Although other IUD designs were not implicated, most IUDs were slowly taken off the US market due to the escalating cost s of lawsuits in subsequent years. In the1980s, Pills with low doses of hormones were introduced, along with a new copper IUD, ParaGard (1998). (CuT380a). Growing awareness of the Yuzpe regimen for emergency contraception. 1990s Introduction of Norplant, the first contraceptive implant (1990),Depo-Provera, an injectable method (1992), FC1/Reality, a female condom (1993) and Plan B, and a dedicated emergencyShow MoreRelatedThe Struggle For Sanity By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1528 Words   |  7 PagesWallpaper† has been one of the most scrutinized pieces of literature. Critics have analyzed it from various perspectives including feminist, anti-feminist, psychological to clinical. Some even claim the narrator’s work as an early feminist indictment of Victorian patriarchy. The Yellow Wallpaper is a short story about the narrator’s life experience afflicted with a depressive episode since adolescence. 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Law, Like Human Beings, Can Be A Fickle Thing Essay

Law, like human beings, can be a fickle thing. The subjects they cover fail to give clear answers, however there are reason why laws are specific and detailed in their construction. Which can explain as to why laws are hard to be describe, define, and determine. Something as complex as a law will always have many ins and outs, for as society changes so will its laws to accommodate for the new world. Laws are passed, and depending on the law it may impact little to countless people. Since the United States is a country that derives its power from the governed how these laws affect society, subcultures, and individuals is something that should never be taken lightly. However when it comes down to what is more important to the people, the answer to be sought after will be never simple. Furthermore with the importance of society’s role on law known, this information should be taken into consideration when asking these next few questions. Laws have a purpose but what are they and why does society need them? In what ways does society impact this process? What role do people have in deciding what should be legal or illegal? After deciding right from wrong how are these concerns constructed into laws determined and later defined? An equally important question is when in regards to socioeconomic status, race, and gender how these factors affect the passage of laws as well as how they are enforced. Correspondingly is how these factors such as race, gender, and socioeconomicShow MoreRelatedEssay on Machiavellis The Prince: Politics, War, and Human Nature1334 Words   |  6 PagesMachiavellis The Prince: Politics, War, and Human Nature [I]t is necessary for a prince to know well how to use the beast and the man. (Machiavelli, The Prince, p. 69[1]). In this swift blow, Niccolà ² Machiavelli seems to strike down many visions of morality put up on pedestals by thinkers before his time. 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Essay on Differences Between Mitigation and Preparedness

Part I What are the primary differences between Mitigation and Preparedness? Research and describe three examples of each. The United States experiences a variety of natural disasters throughout the year. Because of hurricanes on the Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico coasts, earthquakes near the San Andreas and other fault lines, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes in the plains, and floods throughout the Midwest, the United States suffers approximately $1 billion in losses each week. From 1990-93, losses surpassed those during the previous decade, mainly due to Hurricane Andrew, the Midwest and Northwest floods, and the Northridge Earthquake. Regardless of the location of a natural disaster in the United States, a program of disaster†¦show more content†¦(Ready.gov) Wildfire Mitigation: * Learn and teach safe fire practices * Build fires away from nearby trees or bushes, always have a way to extinguish a fire, never leave a fire unattended * Obtain local building codes and weed abatement ordinances for buildings near wooded areas * Use fire-resistant materials when building, renovating, or retrofitting structures * Create a safety zone to separate home from combustible plants and vegetables * Install electrical lines underground, if possible * Prune all branches around residence to a height of 8-10 feet * Keep trees adjacent to buildings free of dead or dying wood and moss * Remove all dead limbs, needles, and debris from rain gutters * Store combustible/flammable materials in approved safety containers and keep away from home * Keep chimney clean * Avoid open burning, especially during dry season. 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The concept and goal of protecting the American people from all types of threats, both foreign and domestic, was in place well before the terrorist attacks of 9/11. However, prior to the 9/11 attacks there were limited national requirements for preparedness and response (Gerber, 2016). The Federal Emergency Management Agency

Physics Class Sample Paper Essay Example For Students

Physics Class Sample Paper Essay Prove that energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor is 1/2 c.v.. Form the graph between current (l) and voltage (V) as shown in the figure, identify the portion corresponding to negative resistance. 1 10. SSL and SO are two parallel concentric spheres enclosing charges Q and Q respectively as shown in fig. Q 2 IQ SSL SO (a) (b) 11. 12. What is the ratio of the electric flux through SSL and SO ? How will the electric flux through the sphere SSL change, if a medium of dielectric constant 5 is introduced in he space inside SSL is place of air ? 1+1=2 1+2=2 Give any two limitation of Ohms Law. A and B are two points on a circular ring made of uniform wire of resistance R. If the part ABA of the ring subtends an angle B at the centre C of the ring as shown in fig. Prove that the effective resistance between A and B is 2 (2 B ) B Reef= R 4112 C r A 13. 14. 15. Derive microscopic form of Ohms law. 22 Define the terms magnetic dip and magnetic declination. 17. 18. Arrange the given E. M. Additions in the descending order of their frequencies : Infra-red, X-rays, Ultra-violet and gamma rays OR Identify the part of ME spectrum, which is (I) Suitable for radar system used in aircraft navigation. (it) Adjacent to the low frequency end of the ME spectrum. (iii) Produced in nuclear reaction. (v) Produced by bombarding a metal target by high speed electrons. 2 The magnetic flux through a coil perpendicular to its plane is varying according to the relation cup = (4th + 5th + 8th + 5 ) Weber Calculate the induced current through the coil at t = 2 second, if the resistance of the coil. 6. Show that Lenss law is in accordance with law of conservation of energy. The two resistors 400 Q and 800 Q are connected in series with 6 volt battery. It is sired to measure the current in the circuit. An ammeter of 10 Q resistance is used for this purpose. What will be the reading in the ammeter ? Similarly, if a voltmeter of 10,000 Q resistance is used to measure the potential difference across the 400 Q resistor what will be the reading in voltmeter ? 2 2 2 h+h+h+h=2 19. Define electric dipole moment. Calculate electric field intensity at a point on the equatorial line off dipole. 3 20. Two point charges +1 OPAC and Biopic are separated by a distance of 40 CM in air (I) Calculate the electrostatic potential energy of the system, assuming the zero of the potential energy to be at infinity. It) Draw an equipotent surface of the system. (iii) How much work is required to separate the two charges infinitely away from each other ? 1+1+1=3 Explain how will you use a potentiometer to (I) measure the internal resistance of a cell and (it) to compare the e. . F. Of two cells. 21. La+eh=3 In the circuit shown in the fig. EH = 2 volt, El = EYE = 6 volt, C = APP, RI = ERR RE- ERR = 40. Find the current in RE and energy stored in capacitor. La+eh=3 RI El c 26. 27. Prove that electromagnetic wave are transverse in nature. (Mathematically).

Financial Manager Role of Business Ethics & Wealth Maximization

Question: Discuss what you have learnt from the article(s) and how it has helped you better understand the role of a financial manager? Answer: Learning from Article and Understandings on Role of Financial Manager A financial manager of a company has a vital role to play within the organization that can be very well explained from evaluating the article Mitsubishi Motors Halts Sales of Some Models as Fuel-Economy Scandal Spreads. The article revealed certain issues related to the business ethics that was not followed by the CEO of the company wile maximizing companys wealth. It was gathered from the article that CEO of Mitsubishi Motor Corp, Osamu Masuko blamed the oversight of lax management for the falsified fuel-economic information (McLain 2016). It was observed that the business faced ethical issues in the areas of integrity and trust. The company did not understand the relevance of conducting its business with increased commitment and integrity that encompass the consideration to ensure wealth maximization through business deeds with honesty, commitment and offering fair treatment to all its consumers. The case of Mitsubishi Motors in the article cleared that if the financial manager of a company indicates superior commitment in conducting ethical business practices, an increased level of trust can be built among the business and the individuals those it intends to serve. The case of the company indicated that, the CEO got involved in unethical business practices and falsified the data of fuel economy for the models of its cars sold in Japan. The recent news stated that the overall business models those were withdrawn from the market increasingly mis-stated the figures of the fuel economy to 12 (Bennett et al. 2013). The financial manager should consider conducting business in an ethical manner. The financial manager of the company must establish boundaries that can prevent the personal and the professional interests to result in conflict in consideration to employer interest. The finance manager of the company must tighten the companys regulatory compliance standards. The article revealed that the lax management oversight generated a business culture in which the employees of the company falsified the data to obtain unrealistic business profits. It was also revealed that at the time the employees of the company showed concerns regarding the possible data mis-statements it was not taken into consideration by the management. The case evaluation of Mitsubishi Motors indicated that the company dealt with issues of unethical business practices for increasing profits that necessitates maintenance of code of ethical conducts by the financial manager of the company (Deegan 2013). Based on the case of Mitsubishi Motors it can be stated that a financial manager must disclose information to its stakeholders and offer them with data those are accurate, understandable, timely and important. The role of the financial manager also includes complying with regulations of private and local governments along with regulations of regulatory agencies. The financial man ager must report any kind of violations in the code of unethical behavior of the board of audit or from compensation committee. They are expected to cooperate in further internal, investigations on the ethical misconduct and must follow the whistle blower policies and procedures accordingly (Aktar 2013). Reference List Aktar, I., 2013. Disclosure strategies regarding ethically questionable business practices.British Food Journal,115(1), pp.162-193. Bennett, V.M., Pierce, L., Snyder, J.A. and Toffel, M.W., 2013. Customer-driven misconduct: How competition corrupts business practices.Management Science,59(8), pp.1725-1742. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. McLain, C., 2016.Mitsubishi Motors Halts Sales of Some Models as Fuel-Economy Scandal Spreads. [online] WSJ. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/mitsubishi-motors-halts-sales-of-some-models-as-fuel-economy-scandal-spreads-1472559171 [Accessed 19 Nov. 2016].

Persuasive Essay Topics on Bullying

Persuasive Essay Topics on BullyingPersuasive essay topics on bullying have been applied to a large number of subjects in the past decade. They have been used for everything from first dates to teaching ethics, and when it comes to persuading people to change their minds or behaviour there is little that can compare with the power of this powerful method.For anyone who wants to win over someone with a major attitude problem, persuasive essay topics on bullying have a number of things that they can do. They can make a reasonable person very angry, make them totally forget about what is happening, or they can make them seek out advice.As tempting as it may be to just go out and write a long essay about this topic, it is best to get hold of some of the best research. You can do this by using Google or any other search engine to find the most recent news relating to this subject.You can also use blogs to check for good background material and read through them carefully. If you do this y ou should find plenty of sources to help you get started.Take the time to really understand the theory behind bullying and why it happens. It is important to know all the parts of a bully and the effect that they can have on someone who has previously been polite and well behaved. If you do not fully understand what is going on then you may be in danger of offending the person.There are two types of essay topics on bullying that you can choose from: personal and disciplinary. The personal essay concerns the specific situation of a specific person, while the disciplinary one is about one that is well known to the reader, be it a business figure or political leader.The former will require you to provide factual content, whereas the latter will require you to provide factual content, as well as being written with a strong political opinion. You can also vary your style and create a more interesting essay by combining both types of essays into one.You want to make sure that the essay is persuasive and interesting, so make sure that you use some of the best persuasive techniques. Persuasive essay topics on bullying make good use of using 'what if' statements, drawing comparisons and using examples.

Minority Group and Multiculturalism free essay sample

This research was commissioned by the Transatlantic Council on Migration, an initiative of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI), for its seventh plenary meeting, held November 2011 in Berlin. The meeting’s theme was â€Å"National Identity, Immigration, and Social Cohesion: (Re)building Community in an Ever-Globalizing World† and this paper was one of the reports that informed the Council’s discussions. The Council, an MPI initiative undertaken in cooperation with its policy partner the Bertelsmann Stiftung, is a unique deliberative body that examines vital policy issues and informs migration policymaking processes in North America and Europe. The Council’s work is generously supported by the following foundations and governments: Carnegie Corporation of New York, Open Society Foundations, Bertelsmann Stiftung, the Barrow Cadbury Trust (UK Policy Partner), the Luso-American Development Foundation, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, and the governments of Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. For more on the Transatlantic Council on Migration, please visit: www. We will write a custom essay sample on Minority Group and Multiculturalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page migrationpolicy. org/transatlantic.  © 2012 Migration Policy Institute. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Migration Policy Institute. A full-text PDF of this document is available for free download from www. migrationpolicy. org. Permission for reproducing excerpts from this report should be directed to: Permissions Department, Migration Policy Institute, 1400 16th Street, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036, or by contacting [emailprotected] org. Suggested citation: Kymlicka, Will. 2012. Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. Table of Contents Executive Summary. 1 I. Introduction.. 2 The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism. 3 . II. What Is Multiculturalism?.. 4 A. Misleading Model. 4 . B. Multiculturalism in Context 5 . C. The Evolution of Multiculturalism Policies.. 7 III. Multiculturalism in Practice. 10 A. The Canadian Success Story 10 B. The European Experience. 13 . IV. The Retreat from Multiculturalism.. 14 A. Rhetoric versus Reality .. 14 B. Proliferation of Civic Integration Policies. 15 . V. Conclusion:The Future of Multicultural Citizenship. 21 Appendices 26 Works Cited 28 About the Author.. 32 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Executive Summary Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity — commonly termed â€Å"multiculturalism† — emerged in the West as a vehicle for replacing older forms of ethnic and racial hierarchy with new relations of democratic citizenship. Despite substantial evidence that these policies are making progress toward that goal, a chorus of political leaders has declared them a failure and heralded the death of multiculturalism. This popular master narrative is problematic because it mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and misidentifies not only the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered but the options for addressing these problems. Talk about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for Western democracies. This report challenges four powerful myths about multiculturalism. First, it disputes the caricature of multiculturalism as the uncritical celebration of diversity at the expense of addressing grave societal problems such as unemployment and social isolation. Instead it offers an account of multiculturalism as the pursuit of new relations of democratic citizenship, inspired and constrained by human-rights ideals. Second, it contests the idea that multiculturalism has been in wholesale retreat, and offers instead evidence that multiculturalism policies (MCPs) have persisted, and have even grown stronger, over the past ten years. Third, it challenges the idea that multiculturalism has failed, and offers instead evidence that MCPs have had positive effects. Fourth, it disputes the idea that the spread of civic integration policies has displaced multiculturalism or rendered it obsolete. The report instead offers evidence that MCPs are fully consistent with certain forms of civic integration policies, and that indeed the combination of multiculturalism with an â€Å"enabling† form of civic integration is both normatively desirable and empirically effective in at least some cases. To help address these issues, this paper draws upon the Multiculturalism Policy Index. This index 1) identifies eight concrete policy areas where liberal-democratic states — faced with a choice — decided to develop more multicultural forms of citizenship in relation to immigrant groups and 2) measures the extent to which countries have espoused some or all of these policies over time. While there have been some high-profile cases of retreat from MCPs, such as the Netherlands, the general pattern from 1980 to 2010 has been one of modest strengthening. Ironically, some countries that have been vociferous about multiculturalism’s â€Å"failure† (e. g. , Germany) have not actually practiced an active multicultural strategy. Talk about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for Western democracies. However, not all attempts to adopt new models of multicultural citizenship have taken root or succeeded in achieving their intended effects. There are several factors that can either facilitate or impede the successful implementation of multiculturalism: Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 1 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Desecuritization of ethnic relations. Multiculturalism works best if relations between the state and minorities are seen as an issue of social policy, not as an issue of state security. If the state perceives immigrants to be a security threat (such as Arabs and Muslims after 9/11), support for multiculturalism will drop and the space for minorities to even voice multicultural claims will diminish. Human rights. Support for multiculturalism rests on the assumption that there is a shared commitment to human rights across ethnic and religious lines. If states perceive certain groups as unable or unwilling to respect human-rights norms, they are unlikely to accord them multicultural rights or resources. Much of the backlash against multiculturalism is fundamentally driven by anxieties about Muslims, in particular, and their perceived unwillingness to embrace liberal-democratic norms. Border control. Multiculturalism is more controversial when citizens fear they lack control over their borders — for instance when countries are faced with large numbers (or unexpected surges) of unauthorized immigrants or asylum seekers — than when citizens feel the borders are secure. Diversity of immigrant groups. Multiculturalism works best when it is genuinely multicultural — that is, when immigrants come from many source countries rather than coming overwhelmingly from just one (which is more likely to lead to polarized relations with the majority). Economic contributions. Support for multiculturalism depends on the perception that immigrants are holding up their end of the bargain and making a good-faith effort to contribute to society — particularly economically. When these facilitating conditions are present, multiculturalism can be seen as a low-risk option, and indeed seems to have worked well in such cases. Multiculturalism tends to lose support in high-risk situations where immigrants are seen as predominantly illegal, as potential carriers of illiberal practices or movements, or as net burdens on the welfare state. However, one could argue that rejecting immigrant multiculturalism under these circumstances is in fact the higher-risk move. It is precisely when immigrants are perceived as illegitimate, illiberal, and burdensome that multiculturalism may be most needed. I. Introduction Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity have been in a state of flux around the world for the past 40 years. One hears much about the â€Å"rise and fall of multiculturalism. † Indeed, this has become a kind of master narrative, widely invoked by scholars, journalists, and policymakers alike to explain the evolution of contemporary debates about diversity. Although people disagree about what comes after multiculturalism, there is a surprising consensus that we are in a post-multicultural era. This report contends that this master narrative obscures as much as it reveals, and that we need an alternative framework for thinking about the choices we face. Multiculturalism’s successes and failures, as well as its level of public acceptance, have depended on the nature of the issues at stake and the countries involved, and we need to understand these variations if we are to identify a more sustainable model for accommodating diversity. This paper will argue that the master narrative 1) mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, 2) exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and 3) misidentifies the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered and the options for addressing these problems. 2 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Before we can decide whether to celebrate or lament the fall of multiculturalism, we need first to make sure we know what multiculturalism has meant both in theory and in practice, where it has succeeded or failed to meet its objectives, and under what conditions it is likely to thrive in the future. The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism The master narrative of the â€Å"rise and fall of multiculturalism† helpfully captures important features of our current debates. Yet in some respects it is misleading, and may obscure the real challenges and opportunities we face. In its simplest form, the master narrative goes like this:1 Since the mid-1990s we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism. From the 1970s to mid-1990s, there was a clear trend across Western democracies toward the increased recognition and accommodation of diversity through a range of multiculturalism policies (MCPs) and minority rights. These policies were endorsed both at the domestic level in some states and by international organizations, and involved a rejection of earlier ideas of unitary and homogeneous nationhood. Since the mid-1990s, however, we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism, and a reassertion of ideas of nation building, common values and identity, and unitary citizenship — even a call for the â€Å"return of assimilation. † This retreat is partly driven by fears among the majority group that the accommodation of diversity has â€Å"gone too far† and is threatening their way of life. This fear often expresses itself in the rise of nativist and populist right-wing political movements, such as the Danish People’s Party, defending old ideas of â€Å"Denmark for the Danish. † But the retreat also reflects a belief among the center-left that multiculturalism has failed to help the intended beneficiaries — namely, minorities themselves — because it has failed to address the underlying sources of their social, economic, and political exclusion and may have unintentionally contributed to their social isolation. As a result, even the center-left political movements that initially championed multiculturalism, such as the social democratic parties in Europe, have backed 1 For influential academic statements of this â€Å"rise and fall† narrative, claiming that it applies across the Western democracies, see Rogers Brubaker, â€Å"The Return of Assimilation? † Ethnic and Racial Studies 24, no. 4 (2001): 531–48; and Christian Joppke, â€Å"The Retreat of Multiculturalism in the Liberal State: Theory and Policy,† British Journal of Sociology 55, no. 2 (2004): 237–57. There are also many accounts of the â€Å"decline,† â€Å"retreat,† or â€Å"crisis† of multiculturalism in particular countries. For the Netherlands, see Han Entzinger, â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism in the Netherlands,† in Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation-States, eds. Christian Joppke and Ewa Morawska (London: Palgrave, 2003) and Ruud Koopmans, â€Å"Trade-Offs between Equality and Difference: The Crisis of Dutch Multiculturalism in Cross-National Perspective† (Brief, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen, December 2006). For Britain, see Randall Hansen, â€Å"Diversity, Integration and the Turn from Multiculturalism in the United Kingdom,† in Belonging? Diversity, Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, eds. Keith G. Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2007); Les Back, Michael Keith, Azra Khan, Kalbir Shukra, and John Solomos, â€Å"New Labour’s White Heart: Politics, Multiculturalism and the Return of Assimilation,† Political Quarterly 73, No. 4 (2002): 445–54; Steven Vertovec, â€Å"Towards post-multiculturalism? Changing communities, conditions and contexts of diversity,† International Social Science Journal 61 (2010): 83–95. For Australia, see Ien Ang and John Stratton, â€Å"Multiculturalism in Crisis: The New Politics of Race and National Identity in Australia,† in On Not Speaking Chinese: Living Between Asia and the West, ed. I. Ang (London: Routledge, 2001). For Canada, see Lloyd Wong, Joseph Garcea, and Anna Kirova, An Analysis of the ‘Anti- and Post-Multiculturalism’ Discourses: The Fragmentation Position (Alberta: Prairie Centre for Excellence in Research on Immigration and Integration, 2005), http://pmc. metropolis. net/Virtual%20Library/FinalReports/Post-multi%20FINAL%20REPORT%20for%20PCERII%20_2_. pdf. For a good overview of the backlash discourse in various countries, see Steven Vertovec and Susan Wessendorf, eds. , The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices (London: Routledge, 2010). Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 3 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE away from it and shifted to a discourse that emphasizes â€Å"civic integration,† â€Å"social cohesion,† â€Å"common values,† and â€Å"shared citizenship. †2 The social-democratic discourse of civic integration differs from the radical-right discourse in emphasizing the need to develop a more inclusive national identity and to fight racism and discrimination, but it nonetheless distances itself from the rhetoric and policies of multiculturalism. The term postmulticulturalism has often been invoked to signal this new approach, which seeks to overcome the limits of a naive or misguided multiculturalism while avoiding the oppressive reassertion of homogenizing nationalist ideologies. 3 II. What Is Multiculturalism? A. Misleading Model In much of the post-multiculturalist literature, multiculturalism is characterized as a feel-good celebration of ethnocultural diversity, encouraging citizens to acknowledge and embrace the panoply of customs, traditions, music, and cuisine that exist in a multiethnic society. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown calls this the â€Å"3S† model of multiculturalism in Britain — saris, samosas, and steeldrums. 4 Multiculturalism takes these familiar cultural markers of ethnic groups — clothing, cuisine, and music — and treats them as authentic practices to be preserved by their members and safely consumed by others. Under the banner of multiculturalism they are taught in school, performed in festivals, displayed in media and museums, and so on. This celebratory model of multiculturalism has been the focus of many critiques, including the following: It ignores issues of economic and political inequality. Even if all Britons come to enjoy Jamaican steeldrum music or Indian samosas, this would do nothing to address the real problems facing Caribbean and South Asian communities in Britain — problems of unemployment, poor educational outcomes, residential segregation, poor English language skills, and political marginalization. These economic and political issues cannot be solved simply by celebrating cultural differences. Even with respect to the (legitimate) goal of promoting greater understanding of cultural differences, the focus on celebrating â€Å"authentic† cultural practices that are â€Å"unique† to each group is potentially dangerous. First, not all customs that may be traditionally practiced within a particular group are worthy of being celebrated, or even of being legally tolerated, such as forced marriage. To avoid stirring up controversy, there’s a tendency to choose as the focus of multicultural celebrations safely inoffensive practices — such as cuisine or music — that can be enjoyably consumed by members of the larger society. But this runs the opposite risk 2 For an overview of the attitudes of European social democratic parties to these issues, see Rene Cuperus, Karl Duffek, and Johannes Kandel, eds. , The Challenge of Diversity: European Social Democracy Facing Migration, Integration and Multiculturalism (Innsbruck: Studien Verlag, 2003). For references to â€Å"post-multiculturalism† by progressive intellectuals, who distinguish it from the radical right’s â€Å"antimulticulturalism,† see, regarding the United Kingdom, Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism (London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2000), and â€Å"Beyond Multiculturalism,† Canadian Diversity/Diversite Canadienne 3, no. 2 (2004): 51–4; regarding Australia, James Jupp, From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); and regarding the United States, Desmond King, The Liberty of Strangers: Making the American Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), and David A. Hollinger, Post-ethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism, revised edition (New York: Basic Books, 2006). Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism. 3 4 4 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE of the trivialization or Disneyfication of cultural differences,5 ignoring the real challenges that differences in cultural and religious values can raise. Third, the 3S model of multiculturalism can encourage a conception of groups as hermetically sealed and static, each reproducing its own distinct practices. Multiculturalism may be intended to encourage people to share their customs, but the assumption that each group has its own distinctive customs ignores processes of cultural adaptation, mixing, and melange, as well as emerging cultural commonalities, thereby potentially reinforcing perceptions of minorities as eternally â€Å"other. † This in turn can lead to the strengthening of prejudice and stereotyping, and more generally to the polarization of ethnic relations. Fourth, this model can end up reinforcing power inequalities and cultural restrictions within minority groups. In deciding which traditions are â€Å"authentic,† and how to interpret and display them, the state generally consults the traditional elites within the group — typically older males — while ignoring the way these traditional practices (and traditional elites) are often challenged by internal reformers, who have different views about how, say, a â€Å"good Muslim† should act. It can therefore imprison people in â€Å"cultural scripts† that they are not allowed to question or dispute. According to post-multiculturalists, the growing recognition of these flaws underlies the retreat from multiculturalism and signals the search for new models of citizenship that emphasize 1) political participation and economic opportunities over the symbolic politics of cultural recognition, 2) human rights and individual freedom over respect for cultural traditions, 3) the building of inclusive national identities over the recognition of ancestral cultural identities, and 4) cultural change and cultural mixing over the reification of static cultural differences. This narrative about the rise and fall of 3S multiculturalism will no doubt be familiar to many readers. In my view, however, it is inaccurate. Not only is it a caricature of the reality of multiculturalism as it has developed over the past 40 years in the Western democracies, but it is a distraction from the real issues that we need to face. The 3S model captures something important about natural human tendencies to simplify ethnic differences, and about the logic of global capitalism to sell cosmopolitan cultural products, but it does not capture the nature of post-1960s government MCPs, which have had more complex historical sources and political goals. B. Multiculturalism in Context It is important to put multiculturalism in its historical context. In one sense, it is as old as humanity — different cultures have always found ways of coexisting, and respect for diversity was a familiar feature of many historic empires, such as the Ottoman Empire. But the sort of multiculturalism that is said to have had a â€Å"rise and fall† is a more specific historic phenomenon, emerging first in the Western democracies in the late 1960s. This timing is important, for it helps us situate multiculturalism in relation to larger social transformations of the postwar era. More specifically, multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. Prior to World War II, ethnocultural and religious diversity in the West was characterized by a range of illiberal and undemocratic relationships of hierarchy,6 justified by racialist ideologies that explicitly propounded the superiority of some peoples and cultures and their right to rule over others. These ideologies were widely accepted throughout the Western world and underpinned both domestic laws (e. g. , racially biased immigration and citizenship policies) and foreign policies (e. g. , in relation to overseas colonies). 5 6 Neil Bissoondath, Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada (Toronto: Penguin, 1994). Including relations of conqueror and conquered, colonizer and colonized, master and slave, settler and indigenous, racialized and unmarked, normalized and deviant, orthodox and heretic, civilized and primitive, and ally and enemy. Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 5 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE After World War II, however, the world recoiled against Hitler’s fanatical and murderous use of such ideologies, and the United Nations decisively repudiated them in favor of a new ideology of the equality of races and peoples. And this new assumption of human equality generated a series of political movements designed to contest the lingering presence or enduring effects of older hierarchies. We can distinguish three â€Å"waves† of such movements: 1) the struggle for decolonization, concentrated in the period 1948–65; 2) the struggle against racial segregation and discrimination, initiated and exemplified by the AfricanAmerican civil-rights movement from 1955 to 1965; and 3) the struggle for multiculturalism and minority rights, which emerged in the late 1960s. Multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. Each of these movements draws upon the human-rights revolution, and its foundational ideology of the equality of races and peoples, to challenge the legacies of earlier ethnic and racial hierarchies. Indeed, the human-rights revolution plays a double role here, not just as the inspiration for a struggle, but also as a constraint on the permissible goals and means of that struggle. Insofar as historically excluded or stigmatized groups struggle against earlier hierarchies in the name of equality, they too have to renounce their own traditions of exclusion or oppression in the treatment of, say, women, gays, people of mixed race, religious dissenters, and so on. Human rights, and liberal-democratic constitutionalism more generally, provide the overarching framework within which these struggles are debated and addressed. Each of these movements, therefore, can be seen as contributing to a process of democratic â€Å"citizenization† — that is, turning the earlier catalog of hierarchical relations into relationships of liberaldemocratic citizenship. This entails transforming both the vertical relationships between minorities and the state and the horizontal relationships among the members of different groups. In the past, it was often assumed that the only way to engage in this process of citizenization was to impose a single undifferentiated model of citizenship on all individuals. But the ideas and policies of multiculturalism that emerged from the 1960s start from the assumption that this complex history inevitably and appropriately generates group-differentiated ethnopolitical claims. The key to citizenization is not to suppress these differential claims but to filter them through and frame them within the language of human rights, civil liberties, and democratic accountability. And this is what multiculturalist movements have aimed to do. The precise character of the resulting multicultural reforms varies from group to group, as befits the distinctive history that each has faced. They all start from the antidiscrimination principle that underpinned the second wave but go beyond it to challenge other forms of exclusion or stigmatization. In most Western countries, explicit state-sponsored discrimination against ethnic, racial, or religious minorities had largely ceased by the 1960s and 1970s, under the influence of the second wave of humanrights struggles. Yet ethnic and racial hierarchies persist in many societies, whether measured in terms of economic inequalities, political underrepresentation, social stigmatization, or cultural invisibility. Various forms of multiculturalism have been developed to help overcome these lingering inequalities. The focus in this report is on multiculturalism as it pertains to (permanently settled) immigrant groups,7 7 There was briefly in some European countries a form of â€Å"multiculturalism† that was not aimed at the inclusion of permanent immigrants, but rather at ensuring that temporary migrants would return to their country of origin. For example, mothertongue education in Germany was not initially introduced â€Å"as a minority right but in order to enable guest worker children to reintegrate in their countries of origin† (Karen Schonwalder, â€Å"Germany: Integration Policy and Pluralism in a Self-Conscious Country of Immigration,† in The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices, eds. Steven Vertovec and Susanne Wessendorf [London: Routledge, 2010], 160). Needless to say, this sort of â€Å"returnist† multiculturalism — premised on the idea that migrants are foreigners who should return to their real home — has nothing to do with multiculturalism policies (MCPs) premised on the idea that immigrants belong in their host countries, and which aim to make immigrants 6 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE but it is worth noting that struggles for multicultural citizenship have also emerged in relation to historic minorities and indigenous peoples. 8 C. The Evolution of Multiculturalism Policies The case of immigrant multiculturalism is just one aspect of a larger â€Å"ethnic revival† across the Western democracies,9 in which different types of minorities have struggled for new forms of multicultural citizenship that combine both antidiscrimination measures and positive forms of recognition and accommodation. Multicultural citizenship for immigrant groups clearly does not involve the same types of claims as for indigenous peoples or national minorities: immigrant groups do not typically seek land rights, territorial autonomy, or official language status. What then is the substance of multicultural citizenship in relation to immigrant groups? The Multiculturalism Policy Index is one attempt to measure the evolution of MCPs in a standardized format that enables comparative research. 10 The index takes the following eight policies as the most common or emblematic forms of immigrant MCPs:11 Constitutional, legislative, or parliamentary affirmation of multiculturalism, at the central and/ or regional and municipal levels The adoption of multiculturalism in school curricula The inclusion of ethnic representation/sensitivity in the mandate of public media or media licensing Exemptions from dress codes, either by statute or by court cases Allowing of dual citizenship The funding of ethnic group organizations to support cultural activities The funding of bilingual education or mother-tongue instruction Affirmative action for disadvantaged immigrant groups12 feel more at home where they are. The focus of this paper is on the latter type of multiculturalism, which is centrally concerned with constructing new relations of citizenship. 8 In relation to indigenous peoples, for example — such as the Maori in New Zealand, Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Australia, American Indians, the Sami in Scandinavia, and the Inuit of Greenland — new models of multicultural citizenship have emerged since the late 1960s that include policies such as land rights, self-government rights, recognition of customary laws, and guarantees of political consultation. And in relation to substate national groups — such as the Basques and Catalans in Spain, Flemish and Walloons in Belgium, Scots and Welsh in Britain, Quebecois in Canada, Germans in South Tyrol, Swedish in Finland — we see new models of multicultural citizenship that include policies such as federal or quasi-federal territorial autonomy; official language status, either in the region or nationally; and guarantees of representation in the central government or on constitutional courts. 9 Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). 10 Keith Banting and I developed this index, first published in Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, eds. , Multiculturalism and the Welfare State: Recognition and Redistribution in Contemporary Democracies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). Many of the ideas discussed in this paper are the result of our collaboration. 11 As with all cross-national indices, there is a trade-off between standardization and sensitivity to local nuances. There is no universally accepted definition of multiculturalism policies and no hard and fast line that would sharply distinguish MCPs from closely related policy fields, such as antidis